Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency: An Important Component of Gastrointestinal Disease in Cats

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency

An Important Component of Gastrointestinal Disease in Cats

Lemon, a 14-year old cat spayed female domestic shorthaired cat, presented to my cat hospital for weight loss and inconsistent appetite.  One day she would eat normally.  The next day, she would just pick at her food.  I asked her owner, Regina Maness, if Lemon was showing increased thirst and urination and was told no, that her thirst and urination were normal.  There was no coughing and no sneezing, although there was an increase in vomiting; she used to vomit about once every two weeks, but now it was closer to once every four days.  There was no diarrhea reported.  I asked if Lemon was lethargic, but Maness said no, she was her normal quiet self.

I had last examined Lemon about 18 months prior, and had given her a clean bill of health.  At that time, she weighed 12 pounds, 8 ounces.  Today, she weighed 9 pounds, 2 ounces.  This was a significant drop (27%) in body weight. Except for very waxy ears and some mild dental tartar, everything checked out okay except for the weight loss. 

Chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes are a few of the common illnesses that cause weight loss in elderly cats.  Fortunately, these conditions are usually easily diagnosed by simple laboratory tests.  I recommended we run a “senior profile” – a complete blood count, serum biochemistry panel, thyroid level, and urinalysis to assess Lemon’s general health.  Maness readily consented.

I called the owner with the results the following day.  They were frustratingly normal.   I told Maness that when you rule out the common illnesses like diabetes, hyperthyroidism and kidney disease, the most likely cause for Lemon’s weight loss, mediocre appetite and increased vomiting was some type of gastrointestinal issue, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or perhaps even low-grade lymphosarcoma (LSA), a slow-growing type of cancer.   Her owner asked how we go about making the diagnosis. I told her that abdominal ultrasound could give us a lot of information about the gastrointestinal tract, and that depending on the findings, we might need to do endoscopy or possibly surgery to get the biopsy specimens that would give us a definitive diagnosis.  “Isn’t there a blood test that could tell you one way or another?” Maness asked.  “There’s no simple blood test that gives a definite answer” I told her, “but measuring your cat’s cobalamin level might steer us in the right direction.”  Maness agreed to the test. 

Cobalamin is one of the B vitamins.  It was originally known as Vitamin B₁₂, though cobalamin is now the preferred term.  True carnivores, like the cat, meet their cobalamin requirements by consuming organ tissue and muscle protein.  Most commercial cat diets are rich in organ tissue and muscle protein, so dietary deficiency of cobalamin is very unlikely.
  
Once ingested, dietary cobalamin makes its way through the cat’s stomach and the duodenum (the initial part of the small intestine), where it eventually binds tightly to “intrinsic factor”, a protein made by the pancreas.  When the cobalamin-intrinsic factor complexes reach the ileum (the final part of the small intestine), specialized receptors in the wall of the ileum bind the complexes, and the cobalamin is absorbed.  

The ileum is commonly affected in cats with gastrointestinal disease.  If the intestinal tract is diffusely infiltrated with inflammatory cells (as we typically see in inflammatory bowel disease) or with small cancerous lymphocytes (as we see in low-grade lymphosarcoma), the cobalamin receptors in the ileum will be destroyed, impairing the ability to absorb cobalamin.  This will result in a low level of cobalamin in the serum.  

Although cobalamin deficiency indicates reduced uptake of cobalamin from the small intestine, it doesn’t specifically signify any one particular intestinal disorder.  Also, because cobalamin absorption is dependent upon proper production of intrinsic factor by the pancreas, it is necessary to rule out pancreatic dysfunction before attributing the deficiency to gastrointestinal disease. Thus, in addition to the cobalamin test, I also ran a trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) test on Lemon.  This test determines whether the pancreas is capable of producing digestive enzymes and proteins like intrinsic factor.  If the TLI test were to come back low, it would suggest that the pancreas was having trouble making enzymes as well as intrinsic factor. 
Lemon’s TLI test came back normal, however, the cobalamin level was very low.  A gastrointestinal disorder was therefore the likely the cause of Lemon’s deficiency.   

Virtually all of the cells in the body require cobalamin for proper function, including intestinal cells.  People with cobalamin deficiency show changes in intestinal permeability and absorptive function, and the same changes are believed to occur in cats with cobalamin deficiency.  In a well-known study that investigated the effects of cobalamin supplementation on cats with severe cobalamin deficiency, most cats that received supplementation gained weight, and signs of gastrointestinal disease, such as vomiting and diarrhea, improved in about 50% of the cats receiving supplementation.  Perhaps the most notable finding in cats with cobalamin deficiency is that regardless of whether inflammatory bowel disease or low-grade lymphoma is the cause of the cobalamin deficiency, the cats do not respond as fully and completely to therapy for their disease unless the cobalamin deficiency is treated concurrently. 
Given Lemon’s low cobalamin level, Maness agreed to the additional diagnostics discussed above.  Abdominal ultrasound revealed enlargement of the lymph nodes associated with the intestines.  Increased thickness of the wall of the small intestines was also noted. These findings supported our suspicion of an infiltrative GI disease, like IBD or LSA.  The liver, pancreas, spleen and other abdominal organs appeared normal.  Endoscopy was performed after the ultrasound, and multiple biopsy specimens were obtained from the stomach and duodenum.  The diagnosis: inflammatory bowel disease.   

For her IBD, Lemon was prescribed the anti-inflammatory drug prednisolone, in tapering doses, until the lowest level that controls the condition is reached.  Cobalamin deficiency is treated with injections. Dosage recommendations vary, but most cats are given an injection under the skin once a week for six weeks, and then every other week for three more weeks, at minimum.  After that, the dosage frequency can be tapered further.  Cats with severe gastrointestinal disease are likely to become depleted of cobalamin over time.  Regular monitoring of the cobalamin level is prudent in cats with chronic GI disease so that ongoing deficiencies can be addressed and corrected. Lemon responded well to the prednisolone, gaining nearly all of her weight back, with a dramatic decrease in vomiting.  Her cobalamin level returned to normal after the initial six injections.  We check her level every six months, and supplement when appropriate. 

Gastrointestinal disease can result in decreased levels of a variety of micronutrients, like vitamins and minerals, with significant consequences.  Measuring the serum level of cobalamin is helpful in the detection of gastrointestinal disease and helps to guide the therapeutic protocol, affecting the overall prognosis.