tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19165377992652110852024-03-12T18:03:22.333-04:00Cat Man DoLife is not a spectator sport!Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.comBlogger382125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-6205627097153353432019-09-09T13:12:00.006-04:002019-09-09T13:12:55.699-04:00We've Moved to LeisureCommando.com<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello Readers,<br />
<br />
If you are reading this, we want to let you know we have moved to:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://leisurecommando.com/"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">LeisureCommando.com</span></b></a><br />
<br />
Join us there. <br />
<br />
<br />
This blog will disappear within a few months.</div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-59625283555902269212017-11-11T18:20:00.002-05:002018-08-22T06:20:01.071-04:00Blood Transfusions in Cats<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Most people have some familiarity with the concept of a
blood transfusion, perhaps by donating blood to the local Red Cross, or
possibly as a recipient during a hospital stay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Thankfully, most cat owners have very little experience with
transfusions when it comes to their cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Transfusions are infrequently performed in general veterinary practice,
however, as cat owners become more willing to pursue state-of-the-art
veterinary diagnostics and therapeutics for their beloved companions, advanced procedures
such as blood transfusions are becoming more commonplace.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFPmck8GG1UZckMXvDGiH9oO5gErpmwdAOqg-UX78Fle4a-YZSZv6wpgmuJb9r5W71AR5Zh1KvgWx_YnpdcJYbMJoXYPesSllV9pgszmUxHzJu-faDKgN_tddMIwMmxzIRH68IPNcAYip2/s1600/IMG_4684.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFPmck8GG1UZckMXvDGiH9oO5gErpmwdAOqg-UX78Fle4a-YZSZv6wpgmuJb9r5W71AR5Zh1KvgWx_YnpdcJYbMJoXYPesSllV9pgszmUxHzJu-faDKgN_tddMIwMmxzIRH68IPNcAYip2/s400/IMG_4684.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Topeka, our hospital cat and blood donor.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are several reasons why a cat might require a
transfusion, with anemia (a decreased amount of red blood cells) being by far
the most common.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some veterinary
clinics have a pet “hospital cat” that lives at the clinic and earns its keep
by occasionally functioning as a blood donor in those rare times of need.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For years, my hospital employed “Topeka”, a
black and white domestic shorthaired cat who, besides providing us with years
of joy and affection, saved many lives by donating her red blood cells to
desperately anemic fellow felines.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Blood donors should be healthy adult cats of agreeable
temperament (for easy handling and restraint), preferably in the age range of 2
to 8 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ideally, the cat should
weigh 5 kg (11 lbs) or more, be shorthaired, and be of lean body stature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The donor’s PCV (packed cell volume, a
measure of the percentage of the blood that is comprised of red blood cells) should
be greater than 35%. (The normal range for a typical cat is 29 to 48%.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cat should test negative for the feline
leukemia virus (FeLV), the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), toxoplasmosis,
and mycoplasmosis (a red blood parasite).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Blood should not be collected more than once every 4 to 6 weeks from an
individual donor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-4_XdR5KuQT81w6f9HyGEv6Jln3Su9pYqp2osD_I3-fS27y8VtogaeyN6XkzFaKb98m5hjyqj4iCmJxHOgrfRTKCncQyCbDoRhmitYdKs1cl_DzcD6tU0yc4WDoeeN7Dnj2myu2qG5Xx/s1600/blood+transfusion+bag.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="198" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-4_XdR5KuQT81w6f9HyGEv6Jln3Su9pYqp2osD_I3-fS27y8VtogaeyN6XkzFaKb98m5hjyqj4iCmJxHOgrfRTKCncQyCbDoRhmitYdKs1cl_DzcD6tU0yc4WDoeeN7Dnj2myu2qG5Xx/s400/blood+transfusion+bag.png" width="310" /></a>In a general practice setting like my own, transfusions are
performed using whole blood, because that’s what we obtain from Topeka, our
donor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the ability to
fractionate whole blood into its component products has made it easier to treat
a variety of conditions if a blood donor isn’t readily available.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Veterinarians now have access via veterinary
blood banks, local emergency clinics, or referral centers, to fresh or stored whole
blood, packed red blood cells (pRBCs), fresh-frozen plasma (FFP), and platelet
products.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Blood is sterilely collected into commercially prepared
blood bags containing an anti-coagulant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The blood can be used immediately, or it can be stored in a refrigerator
for several weeks until needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As noted
above, fresh whole blood can also be separated into its component parts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whole blood contains everything: red blood
cells, serum proteins, clotting factors, and platelets. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because the most common reason for a
transfusion is severe anemia, packed red blood cells (pRBCs) may be a more
appropriate product.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The advantage of
using pRBCs is that you are administering the same amount of red blood cells as
that found in a unit of whole blood, but it is in a much smaller volume, making
it safer for animals with concurrent heart or kidney disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh00kJabNvY-c3FTO14zDkZundPuglxXJ_MxPr0CxVJJRT0RANtneTLGrOGY37DV1dfn4W-XefisVjgYIujwxqH_KcrR6DtjfLr37uu1FGziDzm6Xejlzwsmm6p7OrS1VRKoVUedk44QRaA/s1600/A%252C+B%252C+AB.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="167" data-original-width="302" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh00kJabNvY-c3FTO14zDkZundPuglxXJ_MxPr0CxVJJRT0RANtneTLGrOGY37DV1dfn4W-XefisVjgYIujwxqH_KcrR6DtjfLr37uu1FGziDzm6Xejlzwsmm6p7OrS1VRKoVUedk44QRaA/s400/A%252C+B%252C+AB.png" width="400" /></a>Cats have specific blood types, similar to humans: Type A,
Type B, and Type AB.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike humans,
there are no type O cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The majority (99%)
of cats in the United States are type A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Type B is less common.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Europe,
Japan, and Australia, higher percentages of cats with Type B blood are
found.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some breeds of cats (for example:
British shorthair, Devon rex, Cornish rex, exotic shorthair, Abyssinian,
Japanese bobtail, Persian, Himalayan, Somali, and sphinx) have a higher
percentage of Type B blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although
purebred cats are most likely to be Type B compared to non-purebred, it is
interesting to note that Siamese cats are reported to be 100% Type A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with blood Type AB are extremely
rare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 29 years of veterinary practice,
and having performed countless blood typing procedures, I have still not
encountered a type AB cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXM4HsEprh9z5akD8PI1j32QRc30RRau7378liWUomimiQN7gt7i4-LclhzZL8Rko_GQBYvFHI3nIkuFDpAEsQK5b8Y-lEjWnQlKKzPhD-uvlEIVNzUX7Bn47U4qbkshgmIAGTwnga3jKE/s1600/Blood+typing+kit.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="431" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXM4HsEprh9z5akD8PI1j32QRc30RRau7378liWUomimiQN7gt7i4-LclhzZL8Rko_GQBYvFHI3nIkuFDpAEsQK5b8Y-lEjWnQlKKzPhD-uvlEIVNzUX7Bn47U4qbkshgmIAGTwnga3jKE/s400/Blood+typing+kit.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Rapid Vet H Blood Typing Test. Both cats here are Type A.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Transfusing blood products into a cat isn’t a benign
procedure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The feline immune system can
react dramatically to blood components, with life-threatening
consequences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The serum of cats with Type
A blood possesses antibodies that react against Type B red blood cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conversely, the serum of cats with Type B
blood possesses antibodies against Type A red blood cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Type A cats, the amount of antibodies they
have against Type B blood is relatively low, so accidentally giving Type B
blood to a Type A cat will typically result in a mild reaction, with the
transfused Type B red blood cells undergoing attack and destruction by the
immune system of the recipient within 2 to 3 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the amount of anti-A antibodies in
the blood of a Type B cat is very high, and administering even a small amount
of Type A blood into a Type B cat can cause acute, dramatic destruction of the
transfused red blood cells, resulting in a potentially fatal transfusion
reaction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is therefore imperative
that blood typing be performed before any transfusion is undertaken.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To be even safer, it is advisable to perform
an additional procedure called crossmatching to further minimize the risk of a transfusion
reaction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A detailed description of
crossmatching is beyond the scope of this article, but it involves mixing donor
red blood cells with serum of the recipient (major crossmatch) and mixing donor
serum with recipient red blood cells (minor crossmatch) and observing the
reaction.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once the compatibility of the donor and the recipient has
been confirmed, the transfusion can be performed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Initially, the blood should be administered
slowly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If no adverse effects are
witnessed after 30 to 60 minutes, the rate of administration can be
increased.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rate depends on the
urgency of the cat’s condition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats
that are in shock from acute blood loss require rapid blood administration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with cardiac disease are at risk of
fluid overload and congestive heart failure, and may require a much more
judicious rate of administration. A typical transfusion is completed in 4 to 6
hours.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The goal of the transfusion, in
most cases, is to increase the patient’s PCV sufficiently to reverse the signs
of anemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A reasonable aim is to
achieve a PCV of 20%, although this isn’t always possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl4BSJJWkxZxkvO4fKHnOJkFtMhom9oAhb3q3oIrr87uU8oKn_vmoWVi-lfEmBPHpFnwOgxcpfKd87S6rXqUWN9jAn-brDo1TC1lrjEQHDtxlvSdBN8HRUwbtlGiPiITGbeMpcheHodMpd/s1600/IMG_0240+-+Version+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl4BSJJWkxZxkvO4fKHnOJkFtMhom9oAhb3q3oIrr87uU8oKn_vmoWVi-lfEmBPHpFnwOgxcpfKd87S6rXqUWN9jAn-brDo1TC1lrjEQHDtxlvSdBN8HRUwbtlGiPiITGbeMpcheHodMpd/s400/IMG_0240+-+Version+2.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My beloved Crispy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[I have personal experience with blood transfusions not only
as a veterinarian, but as a cat owner. Two years ago, my 14 year-old cat Crispy
underwent surgery to remove an intestinal tumor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Immediately post-surgery, Crispy became
alarmingly pale and was very slow in waking from anesthesia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A quick in-house test revealed a dangerously
low red blood cell count (PCV of 12%) and a transfusion was going to be needed
if she was going to have any chance of recovery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although 99% of domestic shorthaired cats in
the U.S. are Type-A, I quickly checked Crispy’s blood type right after surgery,
and to my shock and dismay, she was a very definite Type B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frantic calls to the first two nearby
emergency clinics were futile; they only had Type A blood on hand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Miraculously, the third referral center had
two units of Type B packed red blood cells stored in their refrigerator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A harrowing 20-minute taxi ride ensued, with my
anesthetized cat on my lap, her endotracheal tube still in her windpipe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thankfully, the emergency staff was ready and
waiting, and her transfusion began immediately upon arrival.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She woke up from anesthesia a tense 40
minutes later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Catnip subscribers may
remember this case, which I described in detail in the article “When Doctor
Becomes Client” in the July 2015 issue of Catnip). ]<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although blood transfusions are infrequently performed in
general practice, the increased availability of feline blood and blood products
and the willingness of cat owners to pursue more advanced care for their pets
has made this often life-saving procedure more common.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By transfusing a patient only with the blood
component that is needed, knowing the blood types of the donor and recipient,
and performing a crossmatch right before the transfusion, most transfusions can
be performed safely and effectively. <o:p></o:p></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1211</o:Words>
<o:Characters>6903</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>57</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>16</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>8098</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-15146154965524296602017-08-08T16:15:00.000-04:002018-08-22T14:52:24.153-04:00Helping Your Veterinarian Make the Diagnosis<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Helping Your Veterinarian Make the Diagnosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A successful examination begins with the owner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If you think about it, being a cat
veterinarian is not very different from being a pediatrician. We can’t ask our
patients what’s wrong. We just have to figure it out. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nowhere is the
role of a cat owner more important than at the veterinarian’s office, where a
good history can sometimes mean the difference between life and death.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Oa5b6iUqF3I1u3BS5a80DuiLusXAwa_fUsVQkC0un7hia8lYS4EilDKyWbc65hc5ILqDsPpenxELLdboTiUHR5BoCj5ArjyT6Ed-GmRNQix-K4OevgNGDXKwCoD46LwVlMLS5D7gz5bI/s1600/images-6.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="246" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Oa5b6iUqF3I1u3BS5a80DuiLusXAwa_fUsVQkC0un7hia8lYS4EilDKyWbc65hc5ILqDsPpenxELLdboTiUHR5BoCj5ArjyT6Ed-GmRNQix-K4OevgNGDXKwCoD46LwVlMLS5D7gz5bI/s400/images-6.jpeg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Veterinarians are faced with a
variety of diagnostic challenges on a daily basis. The ability for a
veterinarian to obtain a detailed and complete history is our most important
diagnostic tool. When accurately interpreted, this information lays the
groundwork for a logical diagnostic and therapeutic plan, which may prevent
unnecessary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">diagnostic
testing and needless discomfort to the patient and cost to the owner. After
briefly discussing the primary complaint, veterinarians try to obtain both
objective and subjective information when gathering the history. Examples of
objective data include the signalment, the environment, diet and medical
history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The signalment consists of the cat’s
age, breed and gender, including the reproductive status, i.e. whether the cat
is neutered or spayed. This is basic and important information. Certain
illnesses tend to strike cats at certain age ranges. For example,
hyperthyroidism is a glandular condition that causes cats to lose weight
despite a ravenous appetite. It’s an old age disease, rarely striking cats
under the age of eight. A 13-year old cat with weight loss and excellent
appetite warrants a blood test to evaluate thyroid function. A four-year-old
cat with the same signs would be more likely to have something else, such as
inflammatory bowel disease or pancreatic insufficiency. Even if you’re not sure
of the exact age, an accurate approximation can be very useful for a
veterinarian. Certain breeds are predisposed to certain conditions and knowing the
breed can help veterinarians choose proper diagnostic tests. Persians are prone
to polycystic kidney disease; Ragdolls and Maine Coons are susceptible to
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Veterinarians must not be misled by clients who
tell their veterinarian that their cat is a Maine Coon, only to discover that
it’s a domestic longhair that, “looks just like the Maine Coon in the
magazine.” Gender provides important information as well. A female cat straining
to urinate is likely to have cystitis. A male cat straining to urinate could
have a urinary obstruction, something that can be life-threatening if not
treated promptly. Unlike age or breed, there’s very little guesswork when it
comes to determining gender. Just lift the tail and take a look!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqVkEoPsJso949-xkCpyBM2EDxmwGDrbhQtyo4tGBWnmXvAL-s-tXWG_DoCIWl10JKFmwvFG_KXAHjB5gmWAVfdH9nAh1MNRFc7wCKp2RS6Dh0QWVzb-9hzn3-icbv-FodxF8URIBZ6xov/s1600/images-7.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="254" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqVkEoPsJso949-xkCpyBM2EDxmwGDrbhQtyo4tGBWnmXvAL-s-tXWG_DoCIWl10JKFmwvFG_KXAHjB5gmWAVfdH9nAh1MNRFc7wCKp2RS6Dh0QWVzb-9hzn3-icbv-FodxF8URIBZ6xov/s640/images-7.jpeg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gathering environmental history is a
routine yet important part of a cat’s history. Free-roaming cats, or cats that
stay outdoors, are at a much higher risk of getting into fights with other
cats, which increases their risk of getting cat bite abscesses or acquiring
feline leukemia or FIV. Free-roaming, or recently escaped, cats may have had
access to toxins or have been subject to trauma, which is unlikely to occur
with an indoor pet. Sometimes a travel history is important, although this is
true more so with dogs than cats, because when cats travel with the owner to
another part of the country, they are not usually let outdoors where they are
at risk of running away or getting lost. Still, a travel history can be
important, especially if the patient has been exposed to diseases endemic to
certain regions but not prevalent in their normal environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2YIbHUwb_iU7iw-OTZX9mIexBmQKDhYoHm-kNpNJjKCey5hO3QTEdOpd61dM15X15tWEhTbVKGdV-g0h35LzSpWHnwB-QNUiCL4QCUNjv11MiAh3K5HKEbA1BDHurg9griCttvBEQNVoN/s1600/images-5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="315" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2YIbHUwb_iU7iw-OTZX9mIexBmQKDhYoHm-kNpNJjKCey5hO3QTEdOpd61dM15X15tWEhTbVKGdV-g0h35LzSpWHnwB-QNUiCL4QCUNjv11MiAh3K5HKEbA1BDHurg9griCttvBEQNVoN/s400/images-5.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A dietary history is more than
merely determining which type and brand of food you’re feeding your cat.
Granted, knowing the type of diet (dry, moist, table food), the brand name, any
types of snacks, the method of feeding (free-choice or individual meals) and
the amount is important; but, veterinarians also want to know about your cat’s
appetite and whether there has been any weight gain or loss. It’s helpful if
you watch your cat eat. Complete or partial anorexia is a common reason that
clients take their cat to the veterinarian. A client that notices that their
cat only chews on one side of its mouth, or has stopped eating dry food and now
will only eat canned food, is telling the veterinarian that oral pain or
discomfort may be the source of the problem and that a thorough oral exam may be
the only diagnostic test necessary to obtain the diagnosis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reviewing the patient’s prior
medical record can give valuable information to the veterinarian. If this is
your first visit to this particular veterinarian, it is very helpful if you
know your cat’s vaccination history as well as feline leukemia virus and feline
immunodeficiency virus status. Medical records detailing the diagnosis or
treatment of any prior or ongoing health problems are helpful, as the primary
complaint may be a consequence of a prior medical condition. Once the above
information is obtained, the veterinarian is ready to delve deeper into the
primary complaint. The history surrounding the primary complaint tends to be
more subjective and this information, obtained from observant, conscientious
owners, can be a tremendous asset. Veterinarians know that some owners aren’t
as observant as others. Our job is to encourage our clients to describe the
cat’s problem from its onset so that an orderly chronology is obtained. Some of
the things we’ll want to know are when the cat last seemed normal, whether the
onset of the clinical signs was sudden (acute) or if it developed slowly over
time (chronic) and whether or not the illness has responded to previous
treatment. For example, an itchy cat that was treated with steroids and did not
respond in the past is more likely to have food allergy (poorly responsive to
steroids) rather then flea-allergic dermatitis (responds rapidly to steroids). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7USydihs_oTxM_cBSgqiFGyEN9uuOsclbkaqs8gAHAMBizokr0Wu2oqZJ_8wz01ssncCo4i77YjgDv8mw0jNwJ4iSeFU2zbR3RDN8teiqsYD24P0O-zeS5BH_iPJCBtvvc29ItYleibKK/s1600/images-4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="193" data-original-width="262" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7USydihs_oTxM_cBSgqiFGyEN9uuOsclbkaqs8gAHAMBizokr0Wu2oqZJ_8wz01ssncCo4i77YjgDv8mw0jNwJ4iSeFU2zbR3RDN8teiqsYD24P0O-zeS5BH_iPJCBtvvc29ItYleibKK/s400/images-4.jpeg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Depending on what the primary
complaint is, a veterinarian may delve even deeper, to further help
characterize the problem and better formulate a diagnostic plan. As an example,
if a client reports that their cat has diarrhea, the veterinarian may then ask
whether there’s any blood or mucus in the stool, whether the cat has been
straining in the litter box or whether the cat has had any accidents in the
house. The more the client answers “yes,” the more likely that the diarrhea has
originated from the large intestine. This narrows down the list of possible
causes for diarrhea and helps the veterinarian formulate a diagnostic and
therapeutic plan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Behavioral changes can be difficult for
veterinarians to interpret. I’ve had many clients bring in their cat because he
or she was acting differently, although upon further questioning, it became apparent
that the cat wasn’t actually ill despite the difference in behavior. Cats who
suddenly stop sleeping on the bed, even though it’s been their favorite
sleeping spot for years, or normally vocal cats that have lately become more quiet,
may indeed be acting differently, but these are more likely to be benign
behavioral changes. Lethargy, hyperactivity, aggression, growling and urinating
or defecating in inappropriate places, however, are behavioral changes that may
indicate an underlying medical problem. When in doubt as to whether any
apparently new behaviors are medically significant or not, it’s best to be on
the cautious side and report everything to your veterinarian. With the advent
of cell phones and the ability to quickly take a photo or a video, clients are
encouraged to photograph or videotape any unusual behaviors or symptoms, as a
video of a seizure, for example, or other odd behaviors can often serve as a
valuable supplement to the client’s verbal description.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1201</o:Words>
<o:Characters>6847</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>57</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>16</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>8032</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Because our patients cannot talk,
veterinarians must rely on you, the client, to speak for them. The more
observant you are, the more information you can give us. This information can go
a long way toward obtaining the proper diagnosis, allowing us to tailor a
treatment plan to put your companion quickly on the road to recovery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-72704050034467809742017-07-28T16:04:00.000-04:002018-08-22T06:16:11.779-04:00Inhaled Medications: Another Option for Medicating Your Cat<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cats can be
tricky to medicate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Veterinarians know
that it is difficult to medicate a cat consistently with a medication that is
required twice daily, and almost impossible to administer a medication reliably
and unfailingly three times daily. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most
veterinarians, when dealing with cats, try to strike a balance between efficacy
and ease of administration, prescribing the most effective drug that can be
given with the least frequency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Medications that come in pill or
capsule form are especially challenging, as many cats actively resist having
pills put down their throats. Uniquely designed treats, such as “Pill Pockets”
are available in some pet stores and veterinary offices. These are soft treats
with a hole cut out of the center. Pills are placed in the center of the treat,
and are then sealed inside by gently squeezing the sides. Some cats can be tricked
into taking pills this way for months, although many catch on to the ruse and
will eventually refuse to eat the treat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Cat owners often find liquid
medications easier to administer. Fortunately, a number of pharmacies now offer
compounding services - they can convert medications traditionally available
only in capsule or tablet form into other formulations, such as a liquid form,
often adding chicken, liver, beef, and tuna flavoring if requested. While most
cats do not like having any medication forced upon them, many find a tuna or
chicken flavored liquid less objectionable and a few will take a flavored
medication voluntarily. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMGJcnVgs5LxOBBB5jdJaaOLxeKMrUyK269MneFsIkzRkuDEzN8MarEDLpIpUtvFuM-HwwlZWuP2ehyffIfarMHkphkWOPPpDf0xGSV0N9s9zzewuIcRZQYlTAbJ_ft9usPa8O2eimWo3l/s1600/IMG_3902.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMGJcnVgs5LxOBBB5jdJaaOLxeKMrUyK269MneFsIkzRkuDEzN8MarEDLpIpUtvFuM-HwwlZWuP2ehyffIfarMHkphkWOPPpDf0xGSV0N9s9zzewuIcRZQYlTAbJ_ft9usPa8O2eimWo3l/s400/IMG_3902.JPG" width="400" /></a>A number of pill-hating cats will
also resist liquid medication, regardless of the flavor. Transdermal medication
(delivering drugs into the bloodstream via application of gels or skin patches)
offers another option of medicating cats that simply refuse to take any
medication orally. Some medications can be compounded into a gel, a small
amount of which can be spread on the inner surface of the ear. The
medication is then absorbed through the skin, into the bloodstream, allowing
owners of stubborn cats to bypass their mouths completely. While transdermal
drug administration is becoming more commonplace in veterinary medicine, there
are only a few drugs for which efficacy has been proven with this method.
Just because a drug can be formulated into a transdermal gel doesn’t mean that
therapeutic blood levels of the drug can be achieved. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inhaled
medications present another option for medicating cats, however, the use of
inhaled medications is limited to cats with respiratory ailments, most notably
asthma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interestingly, veterinarians
seldom prescribe inhaled medications because of the difficulty of administering
oral medications to a cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rather, inhaled
medications are often given because of the reduced risk of side effects when
using inhaled medications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRpo-4N5keIy6gdpnRK1fvR4dNyVkAnlkoINtzgKFXAwEYT8-ccgFYLH5zIH7pOX8TuB2ObQPZjS9PBGTFu0KNMyY17syBJ0FFQHytQHu9Z6P4Qp7IQ8EdjErmpietACzZc0OADXcaYgGi/s1600/IMG_3905.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRpo-4N5keIy6gdpnRK1fvR4dNyVkAnlkoINtzgKFXAwEYT8-ccgFYLH5zIH7pOX8TuB2ObQPZjS9PBGTFu0KNMyY17syBJ0FFQHytQHu9Z6P4Qp7IQ8EdjErmpietACzZc0OADXcaYgGi/s400/IMG_3905.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Veterinary Technician/Cat Whisperer Gill Nunes demonstrates<br />
how to administer inhaled meds to little Trinity.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asthma is
the most common reason for prescribing inhaled medication in cats. The most
effective long-term treatment consists of high doses of oral steroids.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Steroids attenuate the inflammatory response,
reducing the severity of signs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Steroids
are given twice daily for several days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Most newly diagnosed asthmatic cats will feel and act much better, at
which point, the steroid dose is tapered slowly over several weeks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike dogs, cats are fairly resistant to the
undesirable side effects of steroids.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
few cats, however, exhibit adverse effects from steroids, making treatment
challenging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oral steroids cause water
retention, which increases a cat’s blood volume.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with heart disease may not be able to
withstand the increase in blood volume, putting a strain on an already
compromised heart and triggering congestive heart failure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oral steroids also oppose the action of
insulin, and can cause a well-regulated diabetic to become poorly
manageable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some cats may be
pre-diabetic, and giving oral steroids can tip them over the edge into overt
diabetes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inhaled steroids, when
administered, exert their effects almost exclusively in the lungs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very little of the drug crosses beyond the
lungs into the bloodstream, so systemic side effects are minimized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeJ9_PJfQKW_P4qLYK-SBLtfxd-4u23yg9CxVAqRTEdnFZSOjrRy3C9OgGHgyokHfKIDvursXV035bX5kSzp3NC1bc5gWt57gbN8px1FCqbgC-zgJZjcKdE6od7HLLEJ5yw40O7gkavpXA/s1600/IMG_3911.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeJ9_PJfQKW_P4qLYK-SBLtfxd-4u23yg9CxVAqRTEdnFZSOjrRy3C9OgGHgyokHfKIDvursXV035bX5kSzp3NC1bc5gWt57gbN8px1FCqbgC-zgJZjcKdE6od7HLLEJ5yw40O7gkavpXA/s640/IMG_3911.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Be warned: not all cats will be as cooperative as Trinity. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bronchodilators
are drugs that reverse airway constriction, allowing the air passages to
open.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although most asthmatic cats can
be managed with steroids alone, some require a bronchodilator in addition to
the steroid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bronchodilators can be
given orally, although an advantage of inhaled bronchodilators is their rapid
effect, which may be lifesaving in severely asthmatic cats that are prone to
acute asthma attacks.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both types
of drugs are available for humans, as metered dose inhalers (MDIs).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Human adults quickly learn to coordinate the
inhaling of the medication with the actuation (pressing) of the device, although
this is much more difficult for children, and impossible for infants or
cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An alternative was developed to
allow children, infants, and cats to use the MDIs without having to coordinate
their breathing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A spacer – a plastic
chamber roughly the size of the cardboard inner tube of a roll of toilet paper
– is attached to the MDI, and a facemask is attached to the other end.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The spacer acts as a temporary storage area
for the misted medication to sit, until the individual breathes it in. Cat
owners are taught to attach the MDI and the facemask to the spacer, and then to
actuate the MDI twice, filling the spacer with the mist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The facemask is gently placed over the cat’s
mouth and nose, and the cat is allowed to inhale and exhale 7 – 10 times with
the mask in place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most popular
device for inhaled medications in cats is the Aerokat (see pictures above)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inhaled steroids are the most potent inhaled
anti-inflammatory drugs available.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fluticasone (Flovent)
is the most commonly used inhaled steroid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As for bronchodilators, Albuterol (Proventil<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: x-small;">)</span> or Ventolin) is the one most
commonly used for asthmatic cats. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inhaled
steroids and bronchodilators have been the standard of care for the treatment
of asthma in humans, and while oral medications are still the initial method of
treatment for asthmatic cats, inhaled medications offer another option for cats
at risk for or experiencing side effects of oral medications, or for cats who
refuse to allow oral administration of medication.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>936</o:Words>
<o:Characters>5339</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>44</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>12</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>6263</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-53658547837256424612017-07-12T14:55:00.001-04:002018-08-22T06:24:37.520-04:00Cat Man Adieu<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It’s been a little over a month since I retired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m still finding it hard to get used
to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I overhear other people say, “I’m
not working the rest of this week” or “I’m off for the rest of this month”, and
I realize that hey, I’m off for the rest of my life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBuEJ2FpBq0bVNF5e2dBqa6_RKa8y54ZmqPWnlpjdDepXqk2MT9fUfkAten0RXo5y_8G9Y3gmByyjLqfkRGA0x3FsyAl9-ZpG0TPJDZyxZpZjANigGqW-3pLd3cmR2c0mzJOvuzWjrTJXI/s1600/greenteafrapp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="750" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBuEJ2FpBq0bVNF5e2dBqa6_RKa8y54ZmqPWnlpjdDepXqk2MT9fUfkAten0RXo5y_8G9Y3gmByyjLqfkRGA0x3FsyAl9-ZpG0TPJDZyxZpZjANigGqW-3pLd3cmR2c0mzJOvuzWjrTJXI/s320/greenteafrapp.jpg" width="320" /></a>There are many things to adjust to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I suppose the most noticeable thing for me is
the silence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a veterinarian, I used
to spend my day talking to clients during appointments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If I wasn’t in an appointment, I was likely
talking to a client on the phone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
there were surgeries or procedures to perform, I’d be chatting with my staff in
the treatment room before, during, and after the procedure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My entire day was spent in some type of
conversation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In retirement now, I go
through the day barely speaking a word to anyone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most days, the extent of my conversation is,
“I’ll have the chicken salad club and an iced tea”, or “Can I have the venti green
tea frappuccino?” (I’ve been saying that one a lot lately) I’m a social,
outgoing person, and the curtailment of my conversation is the most striking
difference in my day.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpmFg6a_00RrVQMdhIQjVCX-XzACf9_vjlnl2NsV__78Li2I7bgj1oOodBDjl5qm8a9v-AAGx27FAY6MIzn2Eel7RQBUGturpFncICLALVIWA8llPWoI_y0oZ5N-ijk3hnnBmCGz2Bb2-B/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLy2NnMxo5YbVAT0c11fdVVHN5AyX5DMWfb2Kl4aZkcpzByZjwU7LQU9_6rXyCwRGIGoaHcIwO700jh7CekldB7NZtwIaxF8By7wqa-6FxC0qvT4X3BOKepgby8FqAZ5FthhURHhTwBR7/s1600/DUlDe74c_400x400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLy2NnMxo5YbVAT0c11fdVVHN5AyX5DMWfb2Kl4aZkcpzByZjwU7LQU9_6rXyCwRGIGoaHcIwO700jh7CekldB7NZtwIaxF8By7wqa-6FxC0qvT4X3BOKepgby8FqAZ5FthhURHhTwBR7/s200/DUlDe74c_400x400.jpg" width="200" /></a>The lack of a set routine is probably the next most
noticeable change.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My day was used to
be pretty much the same: wake up, shave, shower, feed the cats, have breakfast,
do a few household chores (laundry, dishes, litter box), and then descend into
the hellish subway to work (thankfully only 5 stops), and then see appointments
all day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That routine is now gone, but
being a creature of habit, a new pattern is starting to emerge to my
mornings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadly, I’m still getting up
very early, because Mark (the hubby) still has to wake up at the ungodly hour
of 5:20 a.m.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While he hops in the
shower, I feed the cats and make breakfast for us both. (I’m getting very
skillful and creative with omelets.) I complete a few more chores, and then I
accompany him out the door at 6:30.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
walks to 14<sup>th</sup> Street to catch the van that takes him to work, and I
peel away when we approach 27<sup>th</sup> Street and hit Planet Fitness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes, I’m going to the gym for nearly 2 hours
every single morning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1PeLQ1Lh_upTI1K2N_RuRqYHm3I3JlIr2AzwpYtWQ_b1UhPRw52s_vIWeXzySPFCjbHg8Njlyuk3Gc4LOph11S9RhIdFiOzfHOGAvBMfdqq4ZULI56rObts-CLgHJeMqw0jmJ34xTS9cN/s1600/images-2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1PeLQ1Lh_upTI1K2N_RuRqYHm3I3JlIr2AzwpYtWQ_b1UhPRw52s_vIWeXzySPFCjbHg8Njlyuk3Gc4LOph11S9RhIdFiOzfHOGAvBMfdqq4ZULI56rObts-CLgHJeMqw0jmJ34xTS9cN/s400/images-2.jpeg" width="400" /></a>Twice a week, I do
a little grocery shopping at Fairway after the gym.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Otherwise, I come home, do a few more chores,
shave and shower, read the New York Times headlines (delivered to my inbox
every morning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ve figured out how to
work around their ten-article-a-month firewall), answer a few e-mails, and then
confront the agonizing decision about where I’m going to have lunch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As for my afternoons, they’re open.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some days, I go to the mid-Manhattan library
and either borrow some books, browse their books, or read a book that I’ve
brought with me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At least once a week,
and sometimes twice, I catch the 1:30 movie at MoMA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m a member, and so the movies are free for
me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are usually old movies from
the 30’s, 40’s, and 50’s, being shown as part of some actor/actress/director
retrospective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the movie, I
usually hang around and read in the sculpture garden.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of my afternoons are spent reading (and
occasionally napping) in a park.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some
days (usually if I’m feeling a bit lonely or isolated) it’s Bryant Park.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other days, it’s Madison Square Park (usually
on days when I eat lunch at Eisenberg’s Sandwich Shop, because it’s close by).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mostly, I head down to Tompkins Square
Park.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s a little out of the way, but
on weekdays it’s really peaceful and quiet, and I have a particular bench in a
perfect, shady spot that is ideal for people-watching.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rough life I lead, eh?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpmFg6a_00RrVQMdhIQjVCX-XzACf9_vjlnl2NsV__78Li2I7bgj1oOodBDjl5qm8a9v-AAGx27FAY6MIzn2Eel7RQBUGturpFncICLALVIWA8llPWoI_y0oZ5N-ijk3hnnBmCGz2Bb2-B/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpmFg6a_00RrVQMdhIQjVCX-XzACf9_vjlnl2NsV__78Li2I7bgj1oOodBDjl5qm8a9v-AAGx27FAY6MIzn2Eel7RQBUGturpFncICLALVIWA8llPWoI_y0oZ5N-ijk3hnnBmCGz2Bb2-B/s400/images.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MRvMMm7G9S3TeofNbkTGBgMG5Mby8riC-F74x9MwoyiPFlvV2TRxSN9kol0BPus1qYVnMoL_w8fS5ct0MzzFGqpU5kd6S5IRhr6e7njIUsWGPMcEqUQjPelgNZbEv5-o9Ftal4RMjm7R/s1600/image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="630" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MRvMMm7G9S3TeofNbkTGBgMG5Mby8riC-F74x9MwoyiPFlvV2TRxSN9kol0BPus1qYVnMoL_w8fS5ct0MzzFGqpU5kd6S5IRhr6e7njIUsWGPMcEqUQjPelgNZbEv5-o9Ftal4RMjm7R/s400/image.jpg" width="400" /></a>I suppose the other major change since retirement is a
so-called “lack of sense of purpose” that I’ve been warned about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two retirement books that I’ve read have
mentioned this potential issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
yes, I can see how this can be an issue, and may end up being one for me in the
future, given how strong a sense of purpose my career as a veterinarian had
given me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It so happens, this lack of a
sense of “purpose” that I’m currently experiencing has actually turned out to
be the most liberating and calming part of my retirement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For 29 years, my purpose was to help sick
animals become well, and help clients deal with all issues regarding their
pets’ health, while mentoring students, interns and technicians along the
way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a huge responsibility (more
on that in a future post).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Being free of
all of that, for the moment, is a huge (we’re talking ginormous) weight off my
shoulders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of course, at some point,
the urge to do something more meaningful will be upon me, and I will pursue it
wherever it leads (although I have a strong hunch that veterinary medicine
won’t be involved), but for now, I really want to harken back to the days when
I was a kid in Brooklyn and had the summers off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I spent those summers playing stickball and
stoop ball, riding my bike, and hanging out in the neighborhood park with my
friends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Forty-something years later,
there won’t be any stickball or stoop ball, but I’m definitely on a mission to
check out every little park in Manhattan.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>747</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4262</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>35</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>9</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5000</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-53914194833643656262017-05-10T18:27:00.000-04:002018-08-23T19:24:54.893-04:00Panleukopenia - a very bad viral disease of kitties<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cats are
uniquely susceptible to a variety of viral villains, and one of the most
challenging culprits is the virus that causes feline panleukopenia.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Panleukopenia
(pronounced “pan-luke-oh-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pee</b>-nee-a”)
is a highly contagious viral disease caused by a parvovirus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most people mistakenly consider parvovirus to
be a dog disease only, but this not the case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>All felids, as well as raccoons, mink, and foxes are also susceptible. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIIPSG3a2je1u96bcNPERG3lTJRZy0w_RcMoBsZuAfevY7ZGTEKrbuobnU7d-7Nmg7Bd1aKFNdEYOC3hIOoXh4FcSu5lPApNxpNYG1_8wUijb5PX1CU0RIAq3xKVdkW0ed7p1sZzhPrVYM/s1600/panleuk3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIIPSG3a2je1u96bcNPERG3lTJRZy0w_RcMoBsZuAfevY7ZGTEKrbuobnU7d-7Nmg7Bd1aKFNdEYOC3hIOoXh4FcSu5lPApNxpNYG1_8wUijb5PX1CU0RIAq3xKVdkW0ed7p1sZzhPrVYM/s320/panleuk3.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
symptoms of panleukopenia are similar to those seen in dogs with parvovirus:
fever, vomiting, diarrhea (possibly bloody), and poor appetite.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The symptoms are explained by the propensity
of the virus to attack cells in the body that are rapidly dividing, namely cells
of the digestive system and the bone marrow. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Virally induced damage to the intestinal tract
leads to vomiting, diarrhea, and poor appetite.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Infection of the bone marrow with this virus impairs the ability of the
marrow to produce white blood cells, leading to a low white blood cell
count.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This explains the name of the
disorder: in Latin, “pan” means all; “leuko” means white, and “penia” means
“decreased amount”. Cats with panleukopenia have low numbers of all white blood
cell types.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Panleukopenia is sometimes
referred to as “feline distemper”, however, this is a misnomer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It probably started because some of the
symptoms of panleukopenia are similar to those of dogs with distemper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Veterinarians don’t like to use that term
because the virus that causes canine distemper is a completely different virus
that is in no way related to the parvovirus that causes feline panleukopenia.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECYvj9t_hxs9um2NQOA3pMbZuyn8rieRCzlo8kf4WLan4bQ6raxt-Adza0ce-BlDslT9QxuZfidzXf4FKsldOP-KC8A3FwxY31k9Rt3ylc3Hz4QLDF6tHy7FiUG8WhDwub5E6DxDmsmGK/s1600/panleuk2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECYvj9t_hxs9um2NQOA3pMbZuyn8rieRCzlo8kf4WLan4bQ6raxt-Adza0ce-BlDslT9QxuZfidzXf4FKsldOP-KC8A3FwxY31k9Rt3ylc3Hz4QLDF6tHy7FiUG8WhDwub5E6DxDmsmGK/s400/panleuk2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The panleukopenia
virus is most commonly transmitted when a vulnerable cat comes into contact
with the feces, urine, blood, or nasal secretions of an infected cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contaminated objects, such as bedding, cages,
shoes, clothing, hands, and food bowls can harbor and transmit the virus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can
also be transmitted from the mother to the developing kittens in her uterus. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although the
panleukopenia virus can infect cats at any age, kittens aged three to five
months are particularly susceptible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These poor kittens often experience severe clinical signs, such as
profuse diarrhea, frequent vomiting, abdominal pain, high fevers, and marked
lethargy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Owners of affected cats often
report finding their cats with their heads hanging over their water dish. With
their small body size, kittens may rapidly become dehydrated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are no medications that kill the virus
itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment consists of aggressive
supportive care with intravenous fluids, antibiotics, anti-nausea drugs, and
nutritional sustenance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Severely
affected kittens or cat may require plasma or blood transfusions. The prognosis
for recovery is guarded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mortality
rates for panleukopenia are high, and most kittens less than eight weeks old
succumb to the disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Older kittens,
if they survive the first 48 hours of hospitalization, may pull through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kittens that contract the virus in utero, if
they survive, may be born with a brain disorder called cerebellar
hypoplasia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cerebellum is responsible for balance and
coordination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because these kittens have
an underdeveloped cerebellum, they go through life a little clumsy and
ungraceful, but are otherwise fine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Due
to the contagious nature of the disease, hospitalized cats should be strictly
isolated from other cats. Cats that recover from panleukopenia are believed to
be immune from the disease for the remainder of their lives.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaA1Ds1ZUmPUHS8q-2d8MfpEqPJfFNA00en_6v4-btqsofCYwuzIiXZQt_xPxvhvZ8i2jLGCa6dicImteoFkr5Sc1wuSzkcXP98-wruUUzxKeSyzYpPv4O-uHYJmcStwEO_eW3QD02H5by/s1600/panleuk4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaA1Ds1ZUmPUHS8q-2d8MfpEqPJfFNA00en_6v4-btqsofCYwuzIiXZQt_xPxvhvZ8i2jLGCa6dicImteoFkr5Sc1wuSzkcXP98-wruUUzxKeSyzYpPv4O-uHYJmcStwEO_eW3QD02H5by/s400/panleuk4.jpg" width="176" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
presumptive diagnosis is usually made based on the age and vaccination status
of the cat and the clinical symptoms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because
panleukopenia is caused by a parvovirus, the rapid in-house parvovirus tests
for dogs will also detect the virus in feline feces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the test has some limitations in
cats, it does allow immediate, in-house detection of the virus in just a few
minutes, confirming the diagnosis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The best
way to treat any problem is to prevent it from occurring in the first place,
and this certainly holds true for feline viral diseases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortunately, vaccination offers safe and
effective protection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Initially, kittens
receive immunity from the antibodies in the mother’s milk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This immunity is temporary, however, lasting
only a few weeks. As the kittens’ antibody level drops, they become very
vulnerable to infection. To best protect kittens, they should be vaccinated
against the virus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The initial vaccine
is given between six and eight weeks of age, and then every two to four weeks
thereafter until about 16 weeks of age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Panleukopenia
can be a major cause of mortality in cats in shelters and rescue homes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With rare exceptions, all kittens and cats in
a cattery or shelter over 6 weeks of age should be vaccinated, regardless of
their physical condition and pregnancy status. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7NI0blFhGTdLJ0iRyRzOiamA_1h8gpViQJkQ18LE9p8qWcqyHcwJUny18NSvE3TMgCKrQuXE2LiLzB18fKy9_v9KIFi284Gv_nL5grWRDjAjegZbwTw1raEUks-ji1s3cFstGPF1y1ziz/s1600/panleuk1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7NI0blFhGTdLJ0iRyRzOiamA_1h8gpViQJkQ18LE9p8qWcqyHcwJUny18NSvE3TMgCKrQuXE2LiLzB18fKy9_v9KIFi284Gv_nL5grWRDjAjegZbwTw1raEUks-ji1s3cFstGPF1y1ziz/s1600/panleuk1.jpg" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
parvovirus that causes panleukopenia in cats is highly resistant to some
disinfectants and may survive in the environment for several months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This has significant implications in shelters
and catteries trying to limit the spread of the disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Disinfectants containing sodium hypochlorite
(bleach) have been shown to be effective in killing the virus in the
environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>776</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4429</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>36</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>10</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5195</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-29785104495714940932017-04-28T22:45:00.000-04:002018-08-22T06:20:00.587-04:00Anemia in Cats<div class="MsoNormal">
Like every veterinarian, when I’m performing a physical
examination, I evaluate the mouth and gums of my patient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I expect to find nice pink gums, and most of
the time, I do.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Occasionally, however,
I’ll note with dismay when I lift the cat’s lip, that the gums are pale, or
even white.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This finding immediately
sets off alarm bells in my head: this cat is anemic. The task of making a
diagnosis now begins.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7K6ZrLOBaGE9am635GQkZ0o8Vb-e4hBkXws88LOrUide0OMiu2sKkfJP_zXgzTwMFMKrfn6wa3EiPPexQnPtGwlgx2vjrSPkqr5tmohWunRufh9QuXNyBD02eLpGx-kQ6bvxWfjAG2wCc/s1600/feline+anemia+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7K6ZrLOBaGE9am635GQkZ0o8Vb-e4hBkXws88LOrUide0OMiu2sKkfJP_zXgzTwMFMKrfn6wa3EiPPexQnPtGwlgx2vjrSPkqr5tmohWunRufh9QuXNyBD02eLpGx-kQ6bvxWfjAG2wCc/s400/feline+anemia+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anemia is a
decreased amount of red blood cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
is a laboratory finding, not a diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>By approaching an anemic cat in a systematic fashion, a definitive
diagnosis can be achieved in most cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Attention
should first be paid to the breed and age of the cat. Although cats have fewer
breed-related red blood cell disorders compared to dogs, some Abyssinians and
Somalis have been reported to have excessively fragile red blood cells, making
them prone to anemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young cats, with
their small blood volume, are more susceptible to blood-sucking internal
parasites like hookworms, or external parasites, like fleas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Middle aged cats are most likely to develop
immune-mediated anemia (see below), while older cats have a higher likelihood
of developing kidney disease or cancer, two common causes of anemia (see
below). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpF_bKi-IBQ1M-BESM33-tIP4snOD4L-iTEvdXaVaqjx7wkStkQ-91gnp0aPaxDpbp6ZFsSF7RjDKoCbWinODE6UCGbj-1JdPjyKkdopzf5YrWZ0RWDv4bhHIqr8bQFjdBgLU3SsPnKmZY/s1600/feline+anemia+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpF_bKi-IBQ1M-BESM33-tIP4snOD4L-iTEvdXaVaqjx7wkStkQ-91gnp0aPaxDpbp6ZFsSF7RjDKoCbWinODE6UCGbj-1JdPjyKkdopzf5YrWZ0RWDv4bhHIqr8bQFjdBgLU3SsPnKmZY/s1600/feline+anemia+3.jpg" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Physical
examination findings can provide valuable information regarding potential
causes for the anemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The presence of a
fever may indicate an infection or inflammation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muffled heart or lung sounds may suggest
bleeding into the pericardium (the membranous sac around the heart) or the chest
cavity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An enlarged spleen felt during
physical exam might indicate a splenic tumor. One particular splenic tumor – a
hemangiosarcoma – frequently bleeds into the abdomen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The most
important test to run when assessing an anemic cat is the complete blood count
(CBC).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This test measures several
important parameters, and provides both diagnostic and prognostic
information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First and foremost, the CBC
measures the hematocrit, an assessment of the severity of the anemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other important parameters on the CBC are the
MCV (mean cell volume) and MCHC (mean cell hemoglobin concentration).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The MCV is a measure of how large or small
the red blood cells are, while the MCHC assesses the amount of hemoglobin in
the red cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Evaluation of MCV and
MCHC can give strong hints as to the possible cause of the anemia.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiodabBSeh7a3VMWyQu4l3e-48A2Fcay93exebDfl4nJA4BtyHb0o2nbtzKhzuRX2zEzW9ZG2XpgKDFHvKAFJkZ0P4ybfYgbeLD94-R3tR7s9pysOGUYlbTAnBO7a8eUiyOLHaJiLBPOY0D/s1600/feline+anemia+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiodabBSeh7a3VMWyQu4l3e-48A2Fcay93exebDfl4nJA4BtyHb0o2nbtzKhzuRX2zEzW9ZG2XpgKDFHvKAFJkZ0P4ybfYgbeLD94-R3tR7s9pysOGUYlbTAnBO7a8eUiyOLHaJiLBPOY0D/s400/feline+anemia+1.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first
step in trying to elucidate the cause of a cat’s anemia is to determine whether
the anemia is “regenerative” or “non-regenerative”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A regenerative anemia is one in which the
bone marrow responds to the anemia by releasing immature red blood cells,
called reticulocytes, into the bloodstream.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These reticulocytes aren’t fully mature, but they can still carry
oxygen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A non-regenerative anemia is an
anemia in which the bone marrow is not responding to the blood loss and not
releasing reticulocytes in an attempt to replace the missing red blood
cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reticulocytes are larger than
mature red blood cells, and this is reflected in the MCV; a cat with a high MCV
has larger than normal red blood cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reticulocytes
also have less hemoglobin in them, which will lower the MCHC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, a cat with both a high MCV and low MCHC
has red blood cells that are larger and have less hemoglobin in them than
normal, suggesting the presence of many reticulocytes, i.e., a regenerative
anemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The true way to determine
whether the anemia is regenerative or not is to directly count the number of
reticulocytes present. This is something that should be done for all cats with
significant anemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are
basically two main causes for regenerative anemia:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>blood loss and hemolysis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most causes of blood loss can be identified
relatively easily.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with a history
of trauma (hit by a car, falling from a height) often suffer blood loss as a result
of their injury.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bleeding may be
internal, for example, from a ruptured spleen, or it may be external.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultrasound of the abdomen and/or x-rays of
the chest may reveal the presence and source of internal bleeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>External bleeding is usually apparent on
physical examination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If blood loss has
been ruled out in cases of regenerative anemia, hemolysis becomes the most
likely explanation for the anemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hemolysis can be either immune-mediated (the
cat’s immune system is attacking and destroying the red blood cells) or
non-immune mediated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Immune mediated
destruction of red blood cells (a.k.a. immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, or
IMHA) is the most common cause of hemolysis in small animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some cases, the immune system is attacking
the red blood cells for no obvious cause at all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is termed primary hemolytic anemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More often, there is a secondary cause for
the immune system to attack the red blood cells, such as infection with a virus
or a red blood cell parasite, or cancer. Non-immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
has a variety of causes, including onion ingestion, snake bite envenomation,
severely low blood phosphorus levels, and zinc toxicosis (usually caused by
swallowing pennies minted after 1983). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Non-regenerative
anemia may be due to several causes, the most common being some type of chronic
illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A multitude of inflammatory,
infectious, and cancerous disorders can lead to anemia, most cases being of mild
to moderate severity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Infection with the
feline leukemia virus often leads to severe non-regenerative anemia. Chronic
kidney disease is a very common cause of non-regenerative anemia in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin.
This hormone instructs the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the kidneys are failing, they often do
not produce enough of this hormone, and the bone marrow therefore doesn’t
produce enough red blood cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anemia
from chronic kidney disease can sometimes be quite severe. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Treatment
of anemia in cats depends on the cause. Cats with life-threatening anemia may
need to be stabilized with a blood transfusion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Like humans, cats have distinct blood types, and it is imperative that
the donor and recipient are compatible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If blood loss was determined to be the cause of the anemia, the reason
for the blood loss must be addressed and remedied for treatment to be
successful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with immune-mediated
hemolytic anemia are typically treated with immunosuppressive medications so that
the immune system stops attacking the red blood cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most common drug prescribed for this
purpose is prednisolone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In stubborn
cases, additional drugs may be needed to get the condition under control. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As mentioned above, a common cause of non-regenerative
anemia in cats is reduced production of the hormone erythropoietin in cats with
kidney disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This type of anemia can
be treated by giving injections of the hormone erythropoietin under the
skin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the past, up to 25% of treated
cats eventually developed a life-threatening immune reaction to the injection,
but a newer form of the hormone, called darbepoietin, is very effective and
rarely causes adverse reactions in cats.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1123</o:Words>
<o:Characters>6403</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>53</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>15</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>7511</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anemia is a
common finding in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because there
are so many potential causes for anemia, making a definitive diagnosis can be a
challenge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By taking a systematic
approach, performing a good physical exam, and properly interpreting the
complete blood count and other diagnostic tests, most clinicians can clearly
elucidate the cause of the cat’s anemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Prognosis depends on the cause, as well as the cat’s individual response
to treatment.<o:p></o:p></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-55391984190319813912017-04-15T22:35:00.000-04:002018-08-22T14:50:15.019-04:00Fleas and Flea Control in Cats<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Summer is over, and a lot of cats are rejoicing. It may be a
fun season for people, but it can be miserable for cats, because warm and humid
weather is paradise for fleas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Few
creatures living on Earth today have had as much impact on world history as the
common flea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the black plague
during the 14th century to the present, fleas have been the cause of much grief.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0dk0FBlnOIGvGYDkboBfKvPGWIuy0h_S6cyGsdaaKNLehQ-9zfTh7z-90zoubbjcHwMtolDXJINIdIBjMbeUTIO92i0UE0viUsS3Fy_BWmRkImtlVayIEhc7S4rVbeI3X3mBusjEFhdK/s1600/cat+flea+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0dk0FBlnOIGvGYDkboBfKvPGWIuy0h_S6cyGsdaaKNLehQ-9zfTh7z-90zoubbjcHwMtolDXJINIdIBjMbeUTIO92i0UE0viUsS3Fy_BWmRkImtlVayIEhc7S4rVbeI3X3mBusjEFhdK/s400/cat+flea+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To better
understand how fleas torment cats and humans, and how best to combat them, it
is important to understand the life cycle of the flea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once a flea jumps on a cat, it stays there
for its entire life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contrary to popular
belief, fleas do not jump from one cat to another. Although the flea spends its
entire life <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">on</i> the cat, the majority
of the flea’s life cycle occurs while <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">off</i>
the cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When a female flea hops on a
cat, it begins feeding on blood within minutes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ingestion of blood is required for the flea to be fertile and
reproduce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Approximately 24 hours later,
the flea begins to lay eggs, about 40-50 per day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the cat moves around the house, it acts
like a living salt-shaker, disbursing the flea eggs in the environment, mainly
in the areas where the cat sleeps or rests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Within a week, larvae hatch from flea eggs. The larvae try to avoid
light and burrow into carpets, cracks in hardwood floors, and other humid areas
such as concrete floors in damp basements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Five to twelve days after that, larvae spin a cocoon in which they
develop into pupae. One to three weeks later, baby fleas emerge from
pupae.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These newly hatched fleas wait
for the cat to pass by, and then they hop on, and the life cycle starts all
over again. The entire flea life cycle takes 3 to 6 weeks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you were to assess all of the life stages
of the flea as a population, adult fleas comprise only about 5 per cent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eggs make up 50% of the population, with larvae
at 35% and pupae at 10%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words,
if you’re seeing adult fleas on your cat, you can be sure that there is a
veritable flea factory looming nearby. Even if a cat spends its entire life
indoors, it is not immune from these pesky critters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fleas are hitchhikers – they jump onto your
clothing, and you bring them back home, where they hop onto your unsuspecting
cat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At best,
fleas can make your cat itchy and uncomfortable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At worst, they can transmit dangerous
diseases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While dogs usually bite or
scratch at fleas, cats use their barbed tongues to remove them, often abrading
the skin in the process. The most prevalent skin disorder in small animals is
flea allergic dermatitis (FAD). This is more than just a mechanical irritation
from the flea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When fleas bite the cat,
they deposit their saliva into the skin before ingesting blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proteins in the flea saliva can induce a
hypersensitivity reaction in some cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This allergic reaction causes severe itching, and cats often develop
small crusty papules and hair loss on their neck and face, and most notably
down their back, in the classic “racing stripe” pattern.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtfTeBmdQhC7QmL1336sVirz0afXdFXsXRUKKHpOqGX38zVDRxh_g7PPzBrsrJtBc_PAyusjElP9CBba2mMYwwrLVQ_BTbCR8epm28DHfieBRNPvnPrizVeMi9X4afBav217NPckcAls2G/s1600/cat+flea+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtfTeBmdQhC7QmL1336sVirz0afXdFXsXRUKKHpOqGX38zVDRxh_g7PPzBrsrJtBc_PAyusjElP9CBba2mMYwwrLVQ_BTbCR8epm28DHfieBRNPvnPrizVeMi9X4afBav217NPckcAls2G/s1600/cat+flea+1.jpg" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fleas are
responsible for transmitting tapeworms to cats. Heavily parasitized cats,
especially kittens, can develop anemia due to blood loss from flea bites. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fleas also transmit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bartonella,</i> the organism responsible for cat-scratch disease in
humans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most cases of cat-scratch
disease are self-limiting, however, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bartonella</i>
infections can cause very serious illnesses in people with immune deficiency
disorders. Fleas can also pass <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bartonella</i>
from one cat to another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most cats
infected with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bartonella </i>are
clinically normal, however, infection in cats can sometimes lead to fever,
lethargy, lymph node enlargement, eye inflammation, and other disorders in
cats.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Because
some of the infectious agents transmitted by fleas may affect humans, the
American Association of Feline Practitioners recommends year-round flea
control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Historically, the most
effective approach was the three-step method:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>treatment of the yard, home, and cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The newer flea and tick control products, however, are so effective that
treatment of the premises is rarely necessary, especially if the cat resides
totally indoors.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigKAdhBDlsSaCsOxFbByAjNhDqB1fxb0tQPaWCn4392dFjeLZGV2F84CDA6TxfVVFwMHewu2Xr3whEJjK2lS28TOY2t2GIlBq2VDYBlW-Y1JgPSWfuqi8UYOt8RIVOsa9UbL8k5uNmOixy/s1600/cat+flea+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigKAdhBDlsSaCsOxFbByAjNhDqB1fxb0tQPaWCn4392dFjeLZGV2F84CDA6TxfVVFwMHewu2Xr3whEJjK2lS28TOY2t2GIlBq2VDYBlW-Y1JgPSWfuqi8UYOt8RIVOsa9UbL8k5uNmOixy/s640/cat+flea+3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fleas
sprays, flea dips, and flea shampoos have become obsolete.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Flea control is now achieved through the use
of products that are either given orally or topically once a month.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of these products are effective not only
against fleas, but other parasites as well, including ticks, heartworms, ear
mites, hookworms, and roundworms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A variety
of flea control products are available to cat owners. Common products include those
that contain either imidacloprid (Advantage), fipronil (Frontline), dinotefuran
(Vectra), spinetoram (Cheristin) or selamectin (Revolution).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These products are applied to the skin on the
back of the neck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sink into, and then spread through, the layer
of fat beneath the skin, killing any adult fleas that are present on the
cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The advantage of these products is
their residual activity; they continue to kill fleas for at least thirty days. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After 30 days, a new dose is applied.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These products are very safe, and very
effective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oral flea control products
are also available. Nitenpyram (Capstar) is an oral medication that is good for
heavy flea infestation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A single oral
dose of nitenpyram will kill all of the adult fleas on a cat. It starts to work
within 30 minutes of administration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nitempyram has no residual effect, so if the cat gets re-infested with
fleas, an additional dose may be required.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It can be given safely as often as every day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nitenpyram can be used together with other
flea products.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spinosad (Comfortis) is
an oral formulation that kills 100% of adult fleas on a cat by 24 hours after
administration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spinosad has residual
effect; it continues to kill adult fleas for 30 days before the next oral dose
is required. Lufenuron (Program) is an insect growth regulator – a product that
works by interfering with the growth and development of fleas, but has no effect
on adult fleas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is given orally once
a month, however, an injectable form is available that is effective for six
months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When a female flea ingests blood
from a cat treated with lufenuron, the eggs she produces will be
infertile.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because lufenuron does not
kill adult fleas, it is better suited to prevent a continual flea problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It does not stop a flea from biting, so it is
not ideal for cats with flea allergic dermatitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If quicker results are needed, a product that
kills adult fleas should be used.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For cat
owners who prefer to use flea collars, there is a collar (Seresto) that
contains a sustained release formulation of the flea-killing compound
imidacloprid, in combination with flumethrin, which kills ticks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The collar kills fleas and ticks for 8
months, reducing the need for monthly application of topical products. The
collar also has a “break-away” mechanism, so if it gets caught on something, it
will release, rather than cause injury to the cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Cat owners should be aware
that in an effort to tap into the lucrative flea-control market, some
manufacturers have produced flea control products with packaging similar to the
veterinary products, i.e. in small, single dose tubes for topical
application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These products contain
permethrin, an insecticide commonly found in low concentrations in a variety of
canine and feline flea sprays and shampoos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In low concentrations, cats tolerate these products with minimal adverse
effects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These small single-dose tubes,
however, contain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">concentrated</i> permethrin
(45% to 65%) as the active ingredient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Concentrated permethrin spot-on products are labeled for use in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dogs only</i>, and may cause severe and
often fatal toxicosis if applied to cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fleas have
been a source of much misery for pet cats and dogs. They can transmit diseases
to cats, as well as to humans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fortunately, modern flea control products can provide an amazing level
of efficacy. Understanding the flea life cycle is critical in formulating a
comprehensive flea-and-tick control strategy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Talk to your veterinarian about which products are right for you, as
different products offer different benefits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Be aware, however, that improper use of these products can result in
treatment failure, and use of unsuitable or mislabeled products can have dire
health consequences. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1234</o:Words>
<o:Characters>7039</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>58</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>16</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>8257</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-91390912324952998142017-04-03T10:28:00.000-04:002018-08-22T06:20:01.367-04:00Body Parts - The Feline Brain<div class="MsoNormal">
Body Parts – The Brain<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTpbPDXeiQ8Mf747m-xQ8hfnM9ZEM3XWak4RVxXSCeQhtq9YBBlsAZLTf-9A6PNfAeh8AhTUCpuAaqpn3tmLhKvtMtwD8xVKXRYPKvfJvU9x_bFN_sHGiDO1rggOra3_t8suUJlhEjepAM/s1600/feline+brain+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTpbPDXeiQ8Mf747m-xQ8hfnM9ZEM3XWak4RVxXSCeQhtq9YBBlsAZLTf-9A6PNfAeh8AhTUCpuAaqpn3tmLhKvtMtwD8xVKXRYPKvfJvU9x_bFN_sHGiDO1rggOra3_t8suUJlhEjepAM/s320/feline+brain+1.jpg" width="296" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The brain
is the main organ that comprises the central nervous system of the cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is the control center for receiving and
interpreting information that comes from the cat’s own body, and from the
outside world. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learning and perception
takes place in the brain, and all of the sensations – sight, sound, smell,
taste, touch, and pain – are processed through here. I’ve been a veterinarian
for over 28 years, and despite examining and treating thousands of cats, I’ve come
to accept one thing for certain: I will never truly understand the feline
brain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(I do enjoy trying, though.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYnBrkYWz72CO6ZswIZt3s7gyxr6aIlupS3D0_cxO1qQZV8gz-Jg6fAAGKE62ZyCPV__CO7owHmysoRmgLfb9lon68ad5oqfqBxODgY6Er_hK6h9rkkgxceXqRMcZDUuNf1pJRcnQjO1jx/s1600/feline+brain+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYnBrkYWz72CO6ZswIZt3s7gyxr6aIlupS3D0_cxO1qQZV8gz-Jg6fAAGKE62ZyCPV__CO7owHmysoRmgLfb9lon68ad5oqfqBxODgY6Er_hK6h9rkkgxceXqRMcZDUuNf1pJRcnQjO1jx/s400/feline+brain+3.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The brain
is a lump of spongy pink nerve tissue located within the skull. It can be
divided into three major parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the
brainstem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cerebrum makes up the
majority of the brain tissue. It can be divided into two major portions: the
right cerebral hemisphere, and the left cerebral hemisphere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The hemispheres are connected to each other
by a piece of tissue called the corpus callosum, which allows messages to be
transported from one side to the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The cerebellum is found at the back of the brain, attached to the
cerebrum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is responsible for physical
coordination, balance, and posture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
brainstem is located at the base of the brain. It regulates important functions
such as blood pressure, breathing, and heartbeat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The brain is covered with several membranes,
called meninges.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A fluid, called
cerebrospinal fluid, is found beneath the meninges, bathing the brain and
protecting it from injury.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQn1iW8j0w5AhVkODZZ4wVGkbsrrjPUdqlBxdOoKXljHJqkVk6D3oAh1mWQMhxtbEfQtNMcP1rxuyU5IzGqYm1usqJLZ2sNVNMRpcRE9C-Fb3cDPkCVxcFZqvTEMOXe25qT-D0-k4YEq33/s1600/feline+brain+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQn1iW8j0w5AhVkODZZ4wVGkbsrrjPUdqlBxdOoKXljHJqkVk6D3oAh1mWQMhxtbEfQtNMcP1rxuyU5IzGqYm1usqJLZ2sNVNMRpcRE9C-Fb3cDPkCVxcFZqvTEMOXe25qT-D0-k4YEq33/s400/feline+brain+2.jpg" width="346" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Like any
other organ, the brain may become diseased or disordered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The list of potential brain disorders is
pretty long: infections, inflammations, hereditary disorders, metabolic
disorders, toxic conditions, tumors, and trauma, to name a few.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few of the more common ones I encounter as
a feline practitioner include seizures, cerebellar hypoplasia, and brain
tumors.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seizures
occur when neurons in the brain begin to fire all at once, in an uncoordinated fashion.
Seizures are seen less commonly in cats compared to dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seizures can be divided into primary seizure
disorders and secondary seizure disorders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Primary seizure disorders are those for which there is no underlying
cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is better known as
epilepsy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In dogs, there tends to be a
genetic basis for epilepsy, but this doesn’t seem to be the case in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secondary seizure disorders are those for
which there is a known cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The list
of disorders that can cause seizures in cats is extensive, and includes
infections (such as feline leukemia virus and toxoplasmosis), metabolic
disorders (low blood sugar, low blood calcium, liver disease, thiamine
deficiency), brain tumors, toxins (lead, antifreeze) and trauma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most cases of secondary seizures, if the
cause is addressed, the seizures will resolve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cats with epilepsy may require anticonvulsant medication, depending on
the frequency and severity of the seizures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant is phenobarbital.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuIp5F5_2PjreB9oYYtAjo5PahIE6zhgkmEG7tFSNmfv4B4jkA4NOxezPVnED7KlkvGeb_2M2tw00i_ZBLsdGEAJp3q80vTF7rQgtRu-3g0jLiUSf-2OCzn2KiPdVr1DR6OslHLKSbdr60/s1600/feine+brain+4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuIp5F5_2PjreB9oYYtAjo5PahIE6zhgkmEG7tFSNmfv4B4jkA4NOxezPVnED7KlkvGeb_2M2tw00i_ZBLsdGEAJp3q80vTF7rQgtRu-3g0jLiUSf-2OCzn2KiPdVr1DR6OslHLKSbdr60/s400/feine+brain+4.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As noted
above, the cerebellum is responsible for coordination and fine motor skills in
the cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cerebellar hypoplasia is a
condition in which a kitten is born with an underdeveloped cerebellum at
birth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most common reason for this
is an infection with the feline panleukopenia virus while the mother is
pregnant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Affected kittens will have
mobility issues as a result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
severity of the condition varies from cat to cat, even among littermates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some cats are mildly affected, while others
really have difficulty getting from point A to point B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These cats may also have head tremors,
sometimes called “intention tremors” because they’re more pronounced when the
cat is deliberately intending to do something with its head, like eat or
drink.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although cats with cerebellar
hypoplasia may look like they’re struggling, we should bear in mind that these
cats have no idea that they’re any different from other cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because they were born this way, they think
they’re normal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The condition is not
painful, and it is not progressive – it won’t get worse over time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no treatment for cerebellar
hypoplasia, and there really is no need for one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What these cats lack in mobility, they make
up in personality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sadly, just
like any other organ, the brain is also susceptible to cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brain tumors may be classified as primary or
secondary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Primary brain tumors are
those that arise from cells found within the brain or the membranes surrounding
the brain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secondary brain tumors are
those that have metastasized (spread) to the brain as a result of a primary
tumor elsewhere in the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
clinical signs of a brain tumor can vary and include abnormal mental status or
behavior such as stupor, head-pressing (the cat relentlessly presses its head
against a wall or other surface), walking in circles, or seizuring.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The three main treatment options for brain tumors are
surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surgical
removal of the tumor is rarely attempted, although meningiomas (tumors arising
from the membranes that cover the brain) are sometimes surgically
amenable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The goal of chemotherapy
and/or radiation is to reduce the size of the tumor and control the
symptoms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The prognosis for cats with brain
tumors is poor. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>793</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4526</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>37</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>10</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5309</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-3378068228567126882017-03-22T16:22:00.000-04:002018-08-22T06:20:00.653-04:00Ascites (abdominal effusion) in Cats<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 36.0pt;">Ascites<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Accumulation of fluid
in the abdomen is an important sign of illness in cats<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ascites
(pronounced “a-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">site</i></b>-eez”) is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal
cavity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a sign of disease, rather
than a diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, there
are very few benign causes of ascites.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1VJj8Zyfrw1Nen7wrM6po3GMssFgxjrqFNJyLfPTxuXdg2Yudnb6cyp9SV4JrjMMuWqzxEXLLkruZFk-3O3LbgWSwBpbmsph1SaF3INZR37XE1_1GMfS_NTO24KGzWOcFlgGHn7yCQRGk/s1600/ascites2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1VJj8Zyfrw1Nen7wrM6po3GMssFgxjrqFNJyLfPTxuXdg2Yudnb6cyp9SV4JrjMMuWqzxEXLLkruZFk-3O3LbgWSwBpbmsph1SaF3INZR37XE1_1GMfS_NTO24KGzWOcFlgGHn7yCQRGk/s400/ascites2.jpg" width="309" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Because
there are so many possible causes of ascites, the historical
findings vary in each individual case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, a cat with ascites and a history of trauma (falling from a
height, or hit by a car) could have internal bleeding, the fluid in the abdomen
being blood, or a ruptured bladder, the fluid being urine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with labored breathing and exercise
intolerance could be suffering from heart disease, another potential cause of
abdominal fluid accumulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
therefore important to get an accurate history from the cat owner as to the
cat’s appetite, behavior, travel history, potential for trauma, etc. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cats with
ascites are usually presented to the veterinarian with a complaint of abdominal
distention. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, there are other
causes for a big belly in cats besides fluid accumulation, for example,
abdominal tumors, enlarged organs such as a big liver or a big spleen, or an
enlarged bladder due to a urinary obstruction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The physical examination may yield other clues as to the cause of the
ascites.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with a heart murmur and
weak pulses may have heart failure as the cause of their ascites.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with peripheral edema (swelling of the
limbs) may indicate that a low protein level in the bloodstream, another cause
of fluid accumulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some cats don’t seem to be bothered by
ascites, while others are clearly uncomfortable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Much depends on the volume of fluid that has
accumulated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Large amounts of fluid can
put pressure on the diaphragm, limiting the expansion of the lungs and making
it difficult to breathe. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Determining
the cause of the ascites requires various diagnostic tests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X-rays of the abdomen are not very useful
because the presence of fluid obscures the details of the other abdominal
organs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abdominal ultrasound, however,
allows for confirmation of the presence of fluid, and allows the veterinarian
to evaluate the other abdominal organs, e.g. the liver, spleen and pancreas for
potential causes of ascites. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqDaXDDoMZvfcD3Z9o0IhE98pqOzVOZddLOIMjbxKsG8mugAU-Ew558EuWkcpp-8hWBjLsQdOSqECBaFBeHbj5ZwaFEMsm6TeAduCcc25fEXRqBej0o18X0pcLdR0mqJWGWDLo-rKSfJgA/s1600/ascites1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqDaXDDoMZvfcD3Z9o0IhE98pqOzVOZddLOIMjbxKsG8mugAU-Ew558EuWkcpp-8hWBjLsQdOSqECBaFBeHbj5ZwaFEMsm6TeAduCcc25fEXRqBej0o18X0pcLdR0mqJWGWDLo-rKSfJgA/s400/ascites1.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analysis of
the abdominal fluid can be very helpful in determining a cause for the
ascites.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A fluid sample can be obtained
by inserting a 20 or 22-gauge needle into the abdomen and withdrawing a sample with
a syringe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This technique is more
successful when there’s a large volume of fluid present. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If there’s only a small volume of fluid
present, ultrasound may help localize the fluid, allowing for successful
sampling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most cats with ascites do not
require complete removal of all fluid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In some patients, the increase in pressure inside the abdomen from the
fluid build-up actually prevents further accumulation, and if a lot of fluid is
removed, it may re-form rapidly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
can lead to a rapid decrease in the blood volume, leading to cardiovascular
collapse and shock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the amount of
fluid present is causing respiratory difficulty, enough fluid should be removed
so that breathing is no longer compromised.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fluid samples should be sent to a clinical pathologist for evaluation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBi2YVNimc0Md6dhT21NEhyxdK55QlBKj0t_nGL2M6nMB0PXXVQYgLn5fd_WDuk1DjMPXrNdRpEgOwPC8Zq7yZWSFSradSqCpQ4ubBr7MFlL5qnkhw7mCK8pZHngg31FuHZQBIyn7LS2AQ/s1600/abdominocentesis3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBi2YVNimc0Md6dhT21NEhyxdK55QlBKj0t_nGL2M6nMB0PXXVQYgLn5fd_WDuk1DjMPXrNdRpEgOwPC8Zq7yZWSFSradSqCpQ4ubBr7MFlL5qnkhw7mCK8pZHngg31FuHZQBIyn7LS2AQ/s400/abdominocentesis3.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If the
underlying cause of the fluid can be identified and corrected, the fluid may be
partially reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In cases of hemorrhage, as many as 50% the red blood cells can go back
into the circulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Clinical
pathologists often classify the fluid into one of three major categories:
exudate, transudate, or modified transudate, based on the amount of protein and
cells in the fluid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most samples end up
being modified transudates, however, there is a lot of overlap between
categories, and most practitioners don’t fine this classification very
useful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A more practical classification
attributes the ascites to one of 7 disease categories:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cardiac, cancer, liver, kidney, urinary tract
trauma, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), and peritonitis (inflammation of
the lining of the abdomen). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Heart
disease isn’t a major cause of ascites in cats, compared to dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prior to 1987, heart disease <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">was</i> a significant cause of ascites in
cats, mainly due to the disease dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), which was fairly
prevalent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once it was discovered that a
deficiency in the amino acid taurine was the primary cause of feline DCM, pet
food manufacturers corrected the deficiency in the food and the incidence of
DCM dropped dramatically.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sadly,
cancer is a common cause of abdominal effusion in cats, and is more common as
cats get older.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most cases, the
initial tumor is a carcinoma, typically involving the gastrointestinal tract or
pancreas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tumor metastasizes
throughout the entire abdomen, a condition called carcinomatosis, and this
often leads to ascites.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Feline
infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a terrible viral disease that commonly causes
abdominal fluid accumulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any age
cat is susceptible, although young cats are more commonly affected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, FIP is not treatable and cats
invariably succumb to the disorder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Severe
liver disease may cause ascites in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The liver produces albumin, a protein that is important in helping
maintain fluid within the circulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the liver is very diseased, it may produce inadequate amounts of
albumin, resulting in hypoproteinemia, a reduced level of protein in the
blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can lead to ascites. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pancreatitis
is a common cause of ascites in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
acute, severe cases of pancreatitis, fluid leaks through the vessels within the
inflamed pancreas, into the abdominal cavity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pancreatitis used to be difficult to diagnose in cats, however, better
ultrasound equipment and the development of a blood test called the fPLI test
has made pancreatitis less difficult to diagnose.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Unfortunately,
the disorders that cause ascites in cats tend to be bad, and the prognosis is
usually guarded or poor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cat owners who
think their cat might have a distended or enlarging abdomen should seek
veterinary advice immediately, as early detection and prompt diagnosis may lead
to a better outcome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
Possible causes for ascites<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Trauma and internal bleeding<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Blood clotting disorder<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bleeding tumor<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Urinary tract rupture<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pancreatitis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cander<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Feline infectious peritonitis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Heart disease<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Liver failure<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1143</o:Words>
<o:Characters>6517</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>54</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>15</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>7645</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hypoproteinemia (low serum blood protein)<o:p></o:p></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-7097086487808201262017-03-08T21:51:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:01.135-04:00Feline Hyperparathyroidism<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt;">Feline Primary Hyperparathyroidism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
The little
parathyroid glands play a big role in calcium regulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When it
comes to glandular problems in the cat, the thyroid gets all the glory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hyperthyroidism in the most common feline
endocrine disorder, and every cat-centric publication regularly features
articles about it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adjacent to the
thyroid gland, however, are four small glands called the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">para</i>thyroid glands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
little glands are immensely important in finely regulating the blood calcium
level.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9V0OPbJUByhsZX_XFbhu1h6t1Z5aJKit51cPOpL2A-cMwnH0Tybq_7DYX9_S56bhUuDgDoPZGvYjKGoU9dvMhAiKIyE1UbPD4NypDv2L0C_Aad_Jw7qiL8inCt5ow5ViMr_sccdvKEx3e/s1600/parathyroid2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9V0OPbJUByhsZX_XFbhu1h6t1Z5aJKit51cPOpL2A-cMwnH0Tybq_7DYX9_S56bhUuDgDoPZGvYjKGoU9dvMhAiKIyE1UbPD4NypDv2L0C_Aad_Jw7qiL8inCt5ow5ViMr_sccdvKEx3e/s400/parathyroid2.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are
two pairs of parathyroid glands in the cat, the external and the internal
parathyroids.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The external glands are
located external to the capsule that surrounds the nearby thyroid gland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The internal parathyroids are actually
embedded within the thyroid gland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The
parathyroid glands produce a hormone called, not surprisingly, parathyroid
hormone (PTH). This hormone is the
principal hormone involved in the precise, minute-to-minute regulation of the
blood calcium concentration. The goal of
the body is to maintain the blood calcium level within a narrow range. The parathyroid glands are exquisitely
sensitive to changes in the calcium level, especially when the calcium level
drops. When this happens, the
parathyroids release PTH. This causes
several complicated things to happen:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->PTH causes the bones to release calcium (and
phosphorus) into the blood stream. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->PTH causes the kidney to produce increased
amounts of an enzyme that promotes production of a hormone called
calcitriol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calcitriol causes the
intestines to absorb more calcium (and phosphorus) from the diet.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->PTH causes the kidneys to absorb more calcium
from the urine, (and excrete all that extra phosphorus that came from the bones
and the intestinal tract.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl1ZmEaXV2mxXnXNHo91JUVlZS0_Ja_AuA1jpmlybMOEyfMOiqIpvNjRF3KV5HFFJT08ss5xy5-u7Zok7uyNIDskYZZVEPYJtVZO4hhuN6ituhH4-O9gFy0TvaCJ9itCvs_a3JjIRp2OTy/s1600/parathyroid3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="397" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl1ZmEaXV2mxXnXNHo91JUVlZS0_Ja_AuA1jpmlybMOEyfMOiqIpvNjRF3KV5HFFJT08ss5xy5-u7Zok7uyNIDskYZZVEPYJtVZO4hhuN6ituhH4-O9gFy0TvaCJ9itCvs_a3JjIRp2OTy/s400/parathyroid3.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The end
result is the restoration of a normal calcium level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the calcium level returns to normal, it
signals to the parathyroids “mission accomplished”, and tells them to reduce
PTH secretion. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sometimes,
the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This condition is called, as you might imagine, hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism
exists in two forms, primary and secondary. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secondary hyperparathyroidism can be further
divided into nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (pretty rare) and renal
secondary hyperparathyroidism (rather common). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The focus of this article in on primary
hyperparathyroidism, as the complex physiology behind secondary
hyperparathyroidism is probably beyond the scope of the typical cat owner. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoWTR9M8yY4qtXQkr4tRyHKp1ylIOhjFUcGahEv3iLfMKQW3N_S5TNO6P5Bteq1OevXQMX-V7K7gdfYqjDJPK3buCH_fitXtYmmRL8OGCWF2JWLe1QKMulI_dSxy-EWVRlwu5AsGb0aH8_/s1600/parathyroid1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoWTR9M8yY4qtXQkr4tRyHKp1ylIOhjFUcGahEv3iLfMKQW3N_S5TNO6P5Bteq1OevXQMX-V7K7gdfYqjDJPK3buCH_fitXtYmmRL8OGCWF2JWLe1QKMulI_dSxy-EWVRlwu5AsGb0aH8_/s400/parathyroid1.jpg" width="307" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Primary
hyperparathyroidism occurs as a result of one of the parathyroid glands
secreting excessive amounts of PTH on its own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The cause of the excessive secretion is usually due to a benign tumor of
one of the glands, called an adenoma, although in rare instances, the tumor is
a malignant carcinoma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Affected cats
tend to be older, the age range in reported cases being somewhere between 8 and
15 years of age. Clinical signs tend to be non-specific and include lethargy,
poor appetite, and vomiting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Physical
examination of the cat tends to be unremarkable, the only consistent finding is
the detection of the enlarged parathyroid gland in the neck in about 50% of the
cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Routine blood tests show an
elevated calcium level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because PTH
causes the kidneys to excrete phosphorus, some cats with primary
hyperparathyroidism will have low serum phosphorus levels. In some cats, the
elevated calcium levels results in the formation of calcium oxalate stones in
the bladder, and some cats will have sign related to this, such as increased
frequency of urination, straining to urinate, urinating in inappropriate
places, and blood in the urine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definitive
diagnosis if primary hyperparathyroidism requires measurement of the serum
level of PTH along with measurement of serum ionized calcium (iCa). Ionized calcium
provides a more accurate assessment of the calcium status.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the PTH level and the iCa level are both
high, the diagnosis is obvious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the
iCa is high and the PTH is in the upper half of the reference range, the cat
probably still has hyperparathyroidism because when the calcium level is high,
the proper response of the parathyroid gland is to shut down production of
PTH.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A PTH level in the upper half of
the reference range in the face of an elevated calcium is an inappropriate
response and suggests that the parathyroid gland has gone haywire and is
secreting the hormone autonomously.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
diagnosis is trickier when the iCa is high and the PTH level is in the lower
half of the reference range.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There’s no
real consensus on what is an appropriately low PTH level in the face of an
elevated iCa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Certainly, if the iCa is
high and the PTH level is undetectable, then hyperparathyroidism is probably
not the cause of the high calcium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But a
low normal PTH level in the face of high iCa is a diagnostic dilemma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultrasound of the thyroid region of the neck
may reveal a single enlarged parathyroid gland, which would be highly
supportive of the diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not finding
an enlarged gland, however, doesn’t rule it out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXLWeG_urkvK_kfF75n07m4Ao8OAsGINtiTQuFO6TPnYzsZJW7QL_hhhRGZZeT8-CkYv8ifVkXo6JK4fdD7c-PbVWWf70xKs4cXqpUivCJ4H3jBO0MEOOfNySp_8U-pI2xPGe6hqJMpLua/s1600/parathyroid4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXLWeG_urkvK_kfF75n07m4Ao8OAsGINtiTQuFO6TPnYzsZJW7QL_hhhRGZZeT8-CkYv8ifVkXo6JK4fdD7c-PbVWWf70xKs4cXqpUivCJ4H3jBO0MEOOfNySp_8U-pI2xPGe6hqJMpLua/s400/parathyroid4.jpg" width="400" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The most
commonly recommended treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism is
parathyroidectomy – surgical removal of the abnormal gland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultrasound of the neck helps identify the
exact location of the tumor, i.e. whether it is one of the external parathyroids
or the internal parathyroids.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This allows
for proper pre-surgical planning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anesthetic complications related to elevated
calcium levels include abnormally slow heart rate, high blood pressure, and
cardiac arrhythmias, so careful anesthetic planning is a must.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At surgery, one large parathyroid gland is
usually found.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result of that one
gland producing such high amounts of PTH, the other three glands have shut off
production of PTH completely, causing them to atrophy and making them
impossible to identify.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A tumor of one
of the external parathyroid glands is usually easy to identify (unless it is
embedded in fat, making the identification a bit trickier).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Parathyroid tumors involving one of the
internal parathyroids are harder for the surgeon to identify. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If an internal parathyroid is affected,
removal of that entire lobe of the thyroid gland is required. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In dogs, a method of treatment called chemical
ablation that involves the injection of ethanol into the abnormal gland has
been described, however, studies of the effectiveness of this method of
treatment in cats are lacking. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Post-operative
complications occur occasionally, the most common being, ironically, a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">low</i> calcium level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(This is a bigger problem in dogs than in
cats.) As mentioned above, excessive production of PTH by a tumor in one
parathyroid gland results in atrophy of the remaining parathyroid glands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Removal of the offending gland will cause a
rapid drop in blood PTH levels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It takes
a while (typically two to three weeks) before the remaining parathyroid glands “wake
up” and start producing PTH again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Until
that happens, it is essential that the cat be monitored for clinical signs of
hypocalcemia (low calcium).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats that
experience low calcium post-operatively can be treated with a combination of
calcium supplements and vitamin D. The supplementation can be tapered over a
few weeks as the remaining parathyroid glands begin to function normally.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1091</o:Words>
<o:Characters>6220</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>51</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>14</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>7297</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-5158886350469154132017-02-27T22:36:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:00.975-04:00Body Parts - The Pancreas<div class="MsoNormal">
Body Parts: The Pancreas<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They say that big things come in little packages, and
nowhere is this more apparent than the feline pancreas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This small organ, often weighing no more than
6 to 8 ounces, plays a huge, multifaceted role in maintaining your cat’s
health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipUS03CKhi9eG0REz-7a-GR_yf8iM26LVu-8_u1-Ogo8WcPdFdG4g9yhvaD9tH2Ff_yL-6oiX2tNJopngGFZPHu4IryGz1sr8bbDFu6OAhqO9sJFxNSY4VtED3xWAVwassZbY3oSpUxgxa/s1600/pancreas1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipUS03CKhi9eG0REz-7a-GR_yf8iM26LVu-8_u1-Ogo8WcPdFdG4g9yhvaD9tH2Ff_yL-6oiX2tNJopngGFZPHu4IryGz1sr8bbDFu6OAhqO9sJFxNSY4VtED3xWAVwassZbY3oSpUxgxa/s640/pancreas1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
The pancreas is shaped like an upside down V. The left lobe of the pancreas is nestled up
against the stomach, while the right lobe runs alongside the duodenum (the
first part of the small intestine).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The amazing thing about the pancreas is that it acts like
two organs in one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the one hand, it
is an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">endocrine</i> organ, i.e., it
produces essential hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which control the
level of sugar in the blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
hormones are released from the pancreas directly into the bloodstream. The
pancreas also functions as an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exocrine</i>
organ, releasing enzymes into the small intestine that are essential for proper
digestion of the proteins, fats, and carbohydrates found in food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These enzymes are released through little ducts
that open directly into the intestine, rather than into the bloodstream.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIzkW2yYW15bbbHY0dwq6s-EI0cqNqCOXI0yQa1kBkXe7XE6TnvqJe4ibl0LCwm_fF79vHCQuy-ND-BFtiDMOEx92nHKZvfGL1RaBYoNd-h-CdI1JKWDZpM_HKqBkt1QBuLZjQKfjUYFm/s1600/pancreas2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIzkW2yYW15bbbHY0dwq6s-EI0cqNqCOXI0yQa1kBkXe7XE6TnvqJe4ibl0LCwm_fF79vHCQuy-ND-BFtiDMOEx92nHKZvfGL1RaBYoNd-h-CdI1JKWDZpM_HKqBkt1QBuLZjQKfjUYFm/s400/pancreas2.png" width="346" /></a>The most common disorder involving the pancreas is
diabetes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It occurs as a result of
inadequate or improper secretion of insulin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Although any age cat may be affected, middle aged and older males are at
increased risk. Obesity is a predisposing factor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interestingly, Burmese cats are four times
more likely to be stricken with diabetes compared with domestic shorthaired
cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The classic clinical signs of
diabetes are excessive thirst (polydipsia), increased urination (polyuria),
extremely good appetite (polyphagia), and weight loss. Some diabetic cats
exhibit weakness in their rear legs, a condition called diabetic
neuropathy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The diagnosis is usually
straightforward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The presence of a high
blood sugar in conjunction with sugar in the urine confirms the diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment of diabetes involves administering
twice daily injections of insulin under the cat’s skin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diets that are high in protein and low in
carbohydrates are also an important part of the management of diabetes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, a small percentage of diabetic cats
can be managed solely with a change in diet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Most cats, however, require insulin injections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some diabetic cats, early diagnosis and
aggressive dietary and insulin therapy may cause the diabetes to resolve.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) is another
common disorder. The clinical signs of pancreatitis vary widely and may include
poor appetite, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and abdominal pain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For years, veterinarians have grappled with
diagnostic tests for pancreatitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
disorder cannot be diagnosed based on historical or clinical signs alone
because the signs mimic many other diseases in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some cats with pancreatitis may have an
elevated white blood cell count, a mildly elevated blood sugar, and a mildly
decreased calcium level, but these findings are inconsistent and non-specific.
X-rays are rarely helpful. Ultrasound is better, but is costly and results are
subjective and highly dependent on the skill of the ultrasonographer. The lack
of a simple, reliable blood test specifically for pancreatitis has caused the
disorder to be under-diagnosed, or misdiagnosed entirely. Fortunately, the
recent development of the feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI) test
has greatly increased our ability to diagnose this frustrating disorder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Normal cats have low levels of fPLI
circulating in their bloodstream.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats
with pancreatitis typically show dramatic elevations of their fPLI levels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Treatment of pancreatitis is mainly supportive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Intravenous fluid therapy is necessary to
ensure that the pancreas is well perfused with blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If nausea or vomiting is present, the use of
anti-nausea drugs is warranted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Abdominal discomfort is a common component of pancreatitis, and the use
of pain medication typically is part of the treatment plan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats that won’t eat may require an appetite
stimulant to promote proper nutrition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The prognosis for cats with pancreatitis varies, although most cats do
recover. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A less common pancreatic disorder in cats is exocrine
pancreatic insufficiency (EPI).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this
disorder, the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats eat their food, but they can’t digest
it, so they lose weight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They often
compensate by eating more, but to no avail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Affected cats usually have greasy, foul-smelling diarrhea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In dogs, EPI is usually a genetic condition,
with German Shepherds being predisposed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In cats, the genetic form is rare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Feline EPI is usually a sequel to chronic pancreatitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Repeated bouts of pancreatitis result in
scarring of the pancreas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As scar tissue
accumulates in the pancreas, the organ becomes less able to produce digestive
enzymes, and cats develop EPI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A blood
test, the feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity test (f<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">T</b>LI) (not to be confused with the f<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">P</b>LI test) easily diagnoses the disorder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the fTLI test comes back low, the cat
almost certainly has EPI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment,
fortunately, is simple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pancreatic
enzyme powder, added to the food, corrects the enzyme deficiency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats will gain weight and the diarrhea will
resolve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Affected cats require
supplementation for the remainder of their lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>791</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4514</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>37</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>10</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5295</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-89175927016858927352017-02-17T22:23:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:01.270-04:00Body Parts - The Lungs<div class="MsoNormal">
Body Parts – The Lungs<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this post, I’m going to shout about the kitty lungs,
because there’s a lot to shout about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Feline
lungs are remarkably similar to your own lungs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, the lungs occupy most of the space in the chest cavity,
lying on both sides of the heart, just like they do in humans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWB-YrVcTmsSZTQaH85jlMY_AgB96AHrDXWrQTLZnIBqCY6MbvQux4QrSNP-AtLuw_qFbMpYhQPju-NG363NByXTjXj5mZSCXOfr11K6NyjjfEcE96Sq2Dlw0DbfBLYzlUFTyXB7jSD0uX/s1600/Lungs1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWB-YrVcTmsSZTQaH85jlMY_AgB96AHrDXWrQTLZnIBqCY6MbvQux4QrSNP-AtLuw_qFbMpYhQPju-NG363NByXTjXj5mZSCXOfr11K6NyjjfEcE96Sq2Dlw0DbfBLYzlUFTyXB7jSD0uX/s400/Lungs1.gif" width="321" /></a>In my mind, I think of the lungs as being divided into two
portions – the airways, and the lung tissue. An easy way to understand it is to
imagine a tree in full bloom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The trunk
of the tree is like the trachea (windpipe).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Imagine the trunk goes up a bit, and then divides into two big
branches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those are the main bronchi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those big branches give rise to smaller
branches. Those are the bronchioles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Those branches divide into smaller and smaller branches, which is
exactly what happens to the bronchioles in the lungs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, think of the leaves that grow on all
of the small branches as the lung tissue that surrounds the little bronchioles.
Get the picture? The trunk, branches and twigs are the airways; the leaves are
the lung tissue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You can break down the function of the lung into two main
jobs:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ventilation and perfusion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ventilation is breathing – the movement of
air in and out of the lungs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perfusion
is the process by which the lung absorbs oxygen from the air into the blood
stream and exchanges it for carbon dioxide, which is exhaled into the
environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of the time,
ventilation and perfusion are both happening correctly and simultaneously,
allowing the blood to receive the proper amount of oxygen for delivery to the
vital organs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When something goes wrong with the lungs there could be an
airway problem, which can affect ventilation, or a problem with the lung tissue
itself, which can affect perfusion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
example, a common lung disorder in cats is bronchitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Infectious bronchitis is due to an infection
(usually bacterial) of the airways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
infection causes impaired flow of air through the airways. This affects ventilation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asthma is a type of bronchitis caused by an
allergy to something in the environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When a cat breathes in an allergen, it causes the airways to
constrict.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It becomes harder for air to
pass through these narrowed airways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
cells lining the airways become irritated by the allergen, and they will produce
mucus, which may plug the already narrowed airways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearly, asthma affects ventilation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Infectious bronchitis is treated with
antibiotics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asthma is treated with anti-inflammatory
drugs and drugs that dilate the airways, making it easier to breathe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of course, the best treatment for asthma
would be to remove the offending allergen from the environment (cigarette
smokers, take the hint), although identifying the allergen can be difficult.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0EyCac_JhX1Q4LaTljgoeW7SsIDFZ52aJQHgM7fknVWkPY2P_ODZV747gFIwXVM9U8GN3tiMe19oQdgzPibjA66VQfXgSuDv0VhskHyOnaFLJI7QcF-ZPycJyUVvQTO4NSiHjNualy-Cp/s1600/lungs2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0EyCac_JhX1Q4LaTljgoeW7SsIDFZ52aJQHgM7fknVWkPY2P_ODZV747gFIwXVM9U8GN3tiMe19oQdgzPibjA66VQfXgSuDv0VhskHyOnaFLJI7QcF-ZPycJyUVvQTO4NSiHjNualy-Cp/s400/lungs2.jpg" width="400" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An example of a problem with the lung tissue itself would be
a bacterial infection of the lungs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is called pneumonia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the lung
tissues get infected and the lung fills with pus, it prevents oxygen from being
absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from being removed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another condition affecting the lung tissue
is pulmonary edema.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this disorder,
the lung fills with fluid, which impairs perfusion similar to the way pneumonia
does.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pulmonary edema usually occurs as
a result of heart failure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pneumonia is
treated with antibiotics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pulmonary edema
is treated with diuretics – drugs designed to remove the fluid from the
lungs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If heart disease is the cause,
medications to treat the heart are administered as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How do we know that a cat is experiencing a lung
problem?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A primary clinical sign of a
lung problem is coughing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hey, wanna
drive a veterinarian crazy?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tell him
that your cat is trying to “cough up a hairball”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hairballs come from the stomach.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vomit</i>
up hairballs; they do not “cough” them up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If your cat hunkers down, extends his neck, and makes several raspy
throat-clearing sounds, he is coughing, and it is not a hairball.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is likely asthma or bronchitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another sign of lung disease is labored
breathing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The medical term for this is
dyspnea (DISP-nee-uh).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If your cat is
lying around relaxing, but his chest is moving as if he’s just done a few laps
around the jogging track, there’s probably a lung issue going on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He needs veterinary attention
immediately.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">now</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here’s another way to drive your veterinarian batty: tell
him your cat has been “wheezing”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Wheezing is the sound of air trying to flow through narrowed airways in
the lungs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s something you hear when
you put a stethoscope up to a cat’s chest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When I’m told a cat is wheezing, I instinctively think “lung problem”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When a cat owner says “wheezing”, they
probably mean <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stertor</i>, which is noisy
breathing that occurs during inhalation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It’s a low-pitched sound. In other words, your cat is snoring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is not a lung problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another possibility that the cat has a blockage
of the nasal passages (simply put, a stuffy nose), resulting in high pitched,
noisy breathing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stridor</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Because wheezing usually means lung disease and lung disease is
sometimes an emergency, don’t say your cat is wheezing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It freaks us out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Say your cat is congested or has noisy
breathing instead. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I (and thousands of
veterinarians) thank you.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>784</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4469</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>37</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>10</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5243</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-22172251803263334462017-02-05T06:57:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:00.491-04:00Body Parts - The Feline Bladder<div class="MsoNormal">
Body Parts – The Bladder<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a past blog post, I described the important role the
kidneys play in a cat’s overall health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In addition to making hormones and regulating the blood pressure, the
kidneys filter toxins from the bloodstream, creating urine in the process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So where does that urine go after it is
manufactured by the kidneys? Anyone who’s waited in line for the bathroom at a
baseball game knows, it’s the bladder!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh897d1dxuUlhlUGWn9Vr9CrYQePquFBVWun9rz-SqJWRZirDqM480Ts6YXdXGhHrJPYD9XbZjZ89XrMgCHupVBv3SNdIv3NnkYJ8U_bUTE1wxG63Mcn57ynuwJs10uddvn4jISpY8EJNYa/s1600/bladder2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh897d1dxuUlhlUGWn9Vr9CrYQePquFBVWun9rz-SqJWRZirDqM480Ts6YXdXGhHrJPYD9XbZjZ89XrMgCHupVBv3SNdIv3NnkYJ8U_bUTE1wxG63Mcn57ynuwJs10uddvn4jISpY8EJNYa/s400/bladder2.jpg" width="400" /></a>The bladder is a muscular organ found in the pelvic region
of the abdomen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike the multitalented
kidney, the bladder has one task, and one task only:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to store urine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once the bladder reaches a certain degree of
distention, nerves in the bladder send a signal to the brain that it’s time to
urinate, and the cat trots off to (hopefully) the litter box. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Inflammation of the bladder – cystitis – is one of the most
commonly diagnosed feline disorders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are several characteristic signs of bladder inflammation in cats: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>frequent trips to the litter box
(pollakiuria); straining to urinate (stranguria); urinating in inappropriate
places (periuria); and presence of blood in the urine (hematuria).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with cystitis may show any or all of the
signs described above.</div>
<br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjva8bomX2dOg0bdaxTXZ8yzBjiOFWFwpLelrxghiw1JtUIa2tbSUxSXuYh5FLKJaC7lsUSWK8bkXqiWVuk34yglNO1kY_WbIw7bCg22Fvp9rSGrU4Ebo9hSG2l-vubB0G8y2sovD25zG9/s1600/bladder1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjva8bomX2dOg0bdaxTXZ8yzBjiOFWFwpLelrxghiw1JtUIa2tbSUxSXuYh5FLKJaC7lsUSWK8bkXqiWVuk34yglNO1kY_WbIw7bCg22Fvp9rSGrU4Ebo9hSG2l-vubB0G8y2sovD25zG9/s400/bladder1.jpg" width="400" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are many potential causes of cystitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) are
a common cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Female cats, longhaired
cats, diabetic cats, and cats with kidney disease are at increased risk for
acquiring UTIs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The formation of
crystals in the urine (crystalluria) may lead to cystitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The crystals can irritate the delicate
bladder lining, resulting in inflammation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bladder stones (cystic calculi) are another common cause of cystitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Crystals in the urine may coalesce to form a
small stone (or multiple stones). The stones usually cause severe irritation to
the bladder, and cats often show all of the symptoms described earlier, most
notably blood in the urine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tumors of
the bladder do occur, but thankfully, they are an exceedingly rare cause of
cystitis in cats. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH4MpkinbuZdu38REtV21Oh9uZdhV2vivLW_SPZOwPL0W1LbCYD3aw2SSnI0ruVNqq9euD-PZgRdBPa2gX4pOMtX-GI-kThxgmQGiDayhScMIGQtxefoEgfLV68wtLVGkVeEe1ZMUmhJWk/s1600/bladder6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH4MpkinbuZdu38REtV21Oh9uZdhV2vivLW_SPZOwPL0W1LbCYD3aw2SSnI0ruVNqq9euD-PZgRdBPa2gX4pOMtX-GI-kThxgmQGiDayhScMIGQtxefoEgfLV68wtLVGkVeEe1ZMUmhJWk/s320/bladder6.jpg" width="320" /></a>Diagnosing the cause of a cat’s cystitis requires a few
specific diagnostic tests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most
basic of these are a urinalysis, urine culture, and an x-ray.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ideally, the urine should be obtained in a
sterile fashion so that a urine culture can be performed at the same time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Urinalysis allows us to assess the urine for
the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, and crystals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes, bacteria are seen microscopically
in the urine, confirming a diagnosis of a UTI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, if bacteria aren’t identified on a urinalysis, it does not mean
that a UTI isn’t present.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Culturing the
urine is the gold standard for confirming the presence of a UTI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even if bacteria are seen on a urinalysis, a
culture should be performed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A urine
culture identifies exactly which bacterial species is causing the infection and
which antibiotics would be most effective against it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An x-ray should be taken to see whether a
bladder stone is the cause of the cystitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Most bladder stones are radio-opaque, meaning that they will be visible
on an x-ray.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvT3nL1cYFGtsGbsEZTaDHLuQeAQilyGUTbaq1Qnf1S273sJAUcVqW_F3bvHmcrpBwpe8pVnym9F25ViGFhCeUMCQcWSeNa8AqTsrfyYAD9opygHmUiUb_kbX-NlcCAZA1XfBHG-CeEWHO/s1600/bladder5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvT3nL1cYFGtsGbsEZTaDHLuQeAQilyGUTbaq1Qnf1S273sJAUcVqW_F3bvHmcrpBwpe8pVnym9F25ViGFhCeUMCQcWSeNa8AqTsrfyYAD9opygHmUiUb_kbX-NlcCAZA1XfBHG-CeEWHO/s400/bladder5.jpg" width="316" /></a>Sometimes, when evaluating a cat with symptoms of cystitis,
the x-ray shows no stones, the culture shows no infection, and the urinalysis
shows no crystals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the urinalysis
reveals is the presence of blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
call this condition “idiopathic cystitis”, which is a fancy medical way of
saying that there is no known cause for the bladder inflammation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, this is the most common cause of
cystitis in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI43vdCkfO6ACV1w8OAuJwLk9VTKm3qZQGR4ql3mGpH7a5u2IHMpa8p5sbV9fqy-pCVwZmSHpjST4m3wpSqPIKcgRsPDaPUnZmoYw9KTogmR_Jc1cjueD2NuPQH3xyHvilwFiQteCbNM-N/s1600/bladder3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI43vdCkfO6ACV1w8OAuJwLk9VTKm3qZQGR4ql3mGpH7a5u2IHMpa8p5sbV9fqy-pCVwZmSHpjST4m3wpSqPIKcgRsPDaPUnZmoYw9KTogmR_Jc1cjueD2NuPQH3xyHvilwFiQteCbNM-N/s320/bladder3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the past few years, it has been recognized that
idiopathic cystitis in cats closely resembles a type of cystitis commonly seen
in women, called interstitial cystitis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The term “feline interstitial cystitis (FIC)” is now thought to be a
more appropriate term than idiopathic cystitis. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The treatment of cystitis is dependent on the cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Urinary tract infections are treated with
antibiotics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Crystals in the urine can
be controlled or eliminated by feeding prescription diets designed for this
purpose.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These diets are restricted in
the minerals that comprise the crystals, and they are formulated in a way that
results in the urine having a pH between 6.2 and 6.6, which is ideal for
preventing crystal formation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bladder
stones may have to be removed surgically, however, depending on the mineral
composition of the stone, it may be possible to dissolve the stone by feeding a
severely mineral restricted, highly acidifying prescription diet for a few
weeks. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQlMJ_Asg7jJYT2fF4rn1ziFgFzlvZ-Y_Vc7M4Nmp2asmoyzhl44d8lAr4vGXH5ZjdahY56nB4C_hLMeNwTMmEKsQoPJKtcdljcDq7hT3XwqD_5n9Em542T3n96WIAbJvRBcdRFYEII94L/s1600/bladder4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQlMJ_Asg7jJYT2fF4rn1ziFgFzlvZ-Y_Vc7M4Nmp2asmoyzhl44d8lAr4vGXH5ZjdahY56nB4C_hLMeNwTMmEKsQoPJKtcdljcDq7hT3XwqD_5n9Em542T3n96WIAbJvRBcdRFYEII94L/s400/bladder4.jpg" width="400" /></a>Feline interstitial cystitis is the most common cause of
cystitis in cats, and often the most challenging to treat, because no specific
cause has been identified.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over the past
decade, however, research at The Ohio State University has revealed that
environmental stress often plays a substantial role in the development of FIC
in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indoor cats frequently find
themselves without acceptable outlets for their natural instinctive behaviors
such as hunting for food, hiding from predators, and scratching.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The stress of this lifestyle can manifest in
several ways, such as development of FIC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Ohio State University has developed The Indoor Pet Initiative, a
program designed to advise pet owners on how to modify and enrich the
environment for indoor cats, alleviating many of the stresses that can lead to
illnesses like FIC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a feline
practitioner, I strongly support the sensible suggestions offered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With stress-related illnesses, preventing the
problem from occurring is a much wiser approach then trying to remedy the
problem after it becomes established.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For more information on environmental enrichment for indoor cats, visit
the Indoor Pet Initiative website at https://indoorpet.osu.edu/home<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>847</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4831</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>40</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>11</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5667</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-89075116792726059932017-01-24T06:48:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:01.237-04:00Body Parts - The Feline Spleen<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">Body Parts – The Spleen</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ask most people what their cat’s heart does, and they’ll
tell you it pumps blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How about the
lungs?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They breathe in oxygen and exhale
carbon dioxide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The kidneys? They filter
toxins from the blood stream and put them in the urine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The spleen?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That’s easy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It… it…<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Admit it: you have no idea what the heck your cat’s spleen
does.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Don’t be embarrassed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You’re in good company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The average person is clueless about all
things splenic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think it’s time we
shed a little light on this most puzzling of organs. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYWefWLiveOGASNm2Q1BUeIfbuWOUlv8W-g9FOt-QPaCM8rT1N3HJ2giuI54rSM6lcn8YZq4PclWmETCinQm6rB6eBlQl9xDK4FaQIQufFv6pAWexbhZg8gK1_dL67B3jakGb4ppvaf7OY/s1600/spleen1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYWefWLiveOGASNm2Q1BUeIfbuWOUlv8W-g9FOt-QPaCM8rT1N3HJ2giuI54rSM6lcn8YZq4PclWmETCinQm6rB6eBlQl9xDK4FaQIQufFv6pAWexbhZg8gK1_dL67B3jakGb4ppvaf7OY/s400/spleen1.jpg" width="400" /></a>Here are the basics:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The spleen is a dark red organ that looks like a giant tongue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is longer than it is wide, and is covered
by a thick fibrous capsule.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
located near the stomach, on the left side of the body, however, the exact location
of the spleen isn’t fixed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Depending on
its size and shape and the size of the surrounding organs, the spleen can
migrate around the abdomen and visit the right side of the body. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The spleen performs a surprisingly large number of
functions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the sake of clarity, I’ve
narrowed down what I think are the four most important splenic duties:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Production
of red blood cells</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most people
probably know that the bone marrow is the primary site of red blood cell
production.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, the spleen is the next
major site. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Storage of
red blood cells</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The spleen holds a
fair amount of blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the body was
suddenly in need of extra red blood cells in the circulation, the spleen has
the ability to contract, releasing red blood cells into the bloodstream.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filtration</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Think of the spleen as a giant filter that
traps and removes old or abnormal blood cells from the circulation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Immunity</i>.
The spleen traps bacteria, foreign proteins, and other microbes and presents
them to cells in the immune system, so that an immune response can be
initiated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You’d think that with all of these important roles, the
spleen would be essential for life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Surprisingly, it’s not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can be
surgically removed if necessary, and most animals will be fine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, it’s certainly better to have one
than to not have one. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Disorders of the spleen are much more common in dogs than in
cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Splenic disorders can be generally
categorized as either primary or secondary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A primary splenic disorder is one in which the spleen itself is the site
of the illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The spleen can also be
affected secondarily by a systemic disease that is occurring somewhere else in
the body. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_2XZWoa4-bPuJMITCgc006e9LKWxYKva3AmXLGqXBIDjQAPDa4KZfKki7tLtjIrejEhpEDdzBjZZxqmy0t6IFlhNtqSFF-4l13eN7-NOLD00FTnhvfMOAjx6rRtL7aeh3j_td-HtburVq/s1600/spleen4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_2XZWoa4-bPuJMITCgc006e9LKWxYKva3AmXLGqXBIDjQAPDa4KZfKki7tLtjIrejEhpEDdzBjZZxqmy0t6IFlhNtqSFF-4l13eN7-NOLD00FTnhvfMOAjx6rRtL7aeh3j_td-HtburVq/s400/spleen4.jpg" width="400" /></a>How do we know when something is amiss with the spleen?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When things go awry, spleen-wise, the spleen
usually grows bigger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enlargement of the
spleen is called splenomegaly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is
not something a cat owner would be able to detect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Splenomegaly is usually found during the
physical examination, during the part of the exam where the veterinarian
carefully presses on the abdomen to feel the internal organs. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Splenomegaly occurs in two forms: localized and generalized.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Localized splenomegaly is where one
focal area of the spleen is enlarged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
call the enlarged part a “splenic mass”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Generalized splenomegaly is a diffuse enlargement of the entire
spleen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Localized splenomegaly is more
common in dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Generalized splenomegaly
is more common in cats.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKbyzOILlek2PrrU9V-Y-rb4EmavT0QNTaVPTy6uDU4fEyIf66kuo4fxqg01XceDj7TGS3RwzcJ-VEfKJj2nnZ2NmPB6LWMQhGCfYmYtMNwM8nySIBSiqzeCieTfzs7EM3lqjCLZC_I5z0/s1600/spleen2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKbyzOILlek2PrrU9V-Y-rb4EmavT0QNTaVPTy6uDU4fEyIf66kuo4fxqg01XceDj7TGS3RwzcJ-VEfKJj2nnZ2NmPB6LWMQhGCfYmYtMNwM8nySIBSiqzeCieTfzs7EM3lqjCLZC_I5z0/s400/spleen2.jpg" width="400" /></a>Once splenomegaly is discovered on examination, your
veterinarian will recommend some diagnostic tests to help determine the
cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blood tests and x-rays may
provide important information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abdominal
ultrasound, however, is an excellent, non-invasive procedure to distinguish
localized vs. generalized splenomegaly, and to further define the
condition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most cases, however, a
definitive diagnosis can only be achieved by obtaining a sample of cells from
the spleen for analysis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sample is
usually acquired via fine needle aspiration, a procedure in which a needle,
attached to a syringe, is gently inserted into the spleen. Material is then
aspirated into the hub of the needle and the contents sprayed onto a microscope
slide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The slide is evaluated by a
clinical pathologist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If this does not
yield a diagnosis, abdominal exploratory surgery may be warranted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIOOb1fOmz1LK6jFExxh-acBiaFvgutZNqLSbMU9xL9y-VbS6iyyP_jnsDQlNLQHGqbaEuSTL6TouXDygPCiGISPDhKKCIUcbfmuuTCjUL96mrZqaW4BtgOpwqISJADgpJWZdHlBuq89a/s1600/spleen3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIOOb1fOmz1LK6jFExxh-acBiaFvgutZNqLSbMU9xL9y-VbS6iyyP_jnsDQlNLQHGqbaEuSTL6TouXDygPCiGISPDhKKCIUcbfmuuTCjUL96mrZqaW4BtgOpwqISJADgpJWZdHlBuq89a/s400/spleen3.jpg" width="390" /></a>Sadly, infiltration of the spleen with cancer cells is the
most common cause of splenomegaly in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The most common cancer affecting the feline spleen is mast cell
tumor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hemangiosarcoma (a very bad
tumor; my cat Crispy died of this tumor) is the next most common, followed by
lymphosarcoma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fortunately, disorders of the spleen are much less common in
cats, compared to dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When they do
occur, the prognosis will vary, depending on the cause. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>683</o:Words>
<o:Characters>3894</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>32</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>9</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>4568</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-81225901291602379162017-01-13T06:40:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:01.167-04:00Body Parts - the Feline Heart<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Body Parts – the Feline Heart<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="webkit-fake-url://6f3fecf5-5506-419b-86af-ea441a97a1bd/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="webkit-fake-url://6f3fecf5-5506-419b-86af-ea441a97a1bd/application.pdf" width="358" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The heart
is the main organ in the circulatory system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Its job is to pump blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and
nutrients to the tissues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similar to the
human heart, the feline heart has four chambers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two chambers on the top of the heart are
the atria (plural for atrium).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two
chambers at the bottom of the heart are the ventricles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The left atrium and left ventricle are
separated from the right atrium and right ventricle by a dividing wall called
the septum. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkMp_UeR8KQPVL4THnSK2uoX5NZcz4R64FmMy1koH51q6jFqTEadFHovlgaft_TTlWa64sBEwRXJv7kv1kPOkofAkYFixTUUUq3GJOeofw1yczmvzxq_xISsSqVWr3qcggvg9jl-u9_A_g/s1600/heart2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkMp_UeR8KQPVL4THnSK2uoX5NZcz4R64FmMy1koH51q6jFqTEadFHovlgaft_TTlWa64sBEwRXJv7kv1kPOkofAkYFixTUUUq3GJOeofw1yczmvzxq_xISsSqVWr3qcggvg9jl-u9_A_g/s320/heart2.jpg" width="310" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Listening
to your cat’s heart with the stethoscope is one of the most important parts of
the veterinary exam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The normal heart
rate in a cat is 160 to 240, which is much faster than a human’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats are often nervous during the veterinary
visit, so it’s not unusual to find heart rates in the 200’s. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rhythm should be regular and the heartbeat
should be easily heard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abnormalities in
the heart rate and rhythm are fairly uncommon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The most common abnormality heard with the stethoscope is a heart murmur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A murmur is the sound of turbulent blood flow
and may be an indicator that something is amiss. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Coronary
artery disease is the most common cause of death in humans in the U.S.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortunately, cats don’t get coronary artery
disease. Nature, however, doesn’t play favorites when it comes to other heart
diseases, and cats are indeed susceptible to disorders of this vital organ. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, the discovery of a heart murmur
during your cat’s physical examination warrants further investigation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can be difficult for a veterinarian to know
just by listening whether a feline heart murmur is merely a physiologic finding
(i.e. there’s actually nothing wrong with the heart), or a pathologic finding
(i.e. there is indeed something wrong with the heart). Physiologic murmurs are
benign and can be caused by things such as stress, excitement, pain, or
fever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only way to tell if a murmur
is benign vs. pathologic is to perform echocardiography (sometimes also called
a sonogram, or cardiac ultrasound). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Echocardiography
is best performed by a veterinary cardiologist. (Yes, there are veterinarians
that specialize in cat and dog tickers only.) These cardiologists know exactly
how thick or how thin the walls of each heart chamber is supposed to be, how
fast the blood should be flowing as it travels out of the aorta and pulmonary
artery, and how strongly the heart is supposed to be contracting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By viewing the heart using ultrasound and
taking a variety of measurements, the cardiologist can determine if heart
disease is present.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7kAwgliihl6mP0KDG36J8EIcyNu2G4fA1QJQo1kyQ5RxnVq3hY8iPlQWVv_jthx9Q4zc6SYOe5ncFDfOKWFAEd2QYpFVn5jP9QR8tgUPqhuM55O7jfumG8rkOctC1StLfrBhoQ7IxKJcr/s1600/heart4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7kAwgliihl6mP0KDG36J8EIcyNu2G4fA1QJQo1kyQ5RxnVq3hY8iPlQWVv_jthx9Q4zc6SYOe5ncFDfOKWFAEd2QYpFVn5jP9QR8tgUPqhuM55O7jfumG8rkOctC1StLfrBhoQ7IxKJcr/s400/heart4.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The most
commonly diagnosed heart disease in cats is a condition called hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy (HCM).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In cats suffering
from HCM, the walls of the heart become progressively thicker, with one
particular chamber, the left ventricle, usually becoming the most
affected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Think of the left ventricle as
a coffee mug.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now imagine the walls of
the mug becoming thicker and thicker, growing inwardly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mug would hold less and less coffee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In HCM, the ventricle holds less and less
blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the ventricle can now hold only
half as much blood, the heart will try to compensate by pumping twice as hard
to achieve the same effect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually,
the muscle starts to give out, and congestive heart failure may develop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other complications, however, may arise
before heart failure ever develops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
most serious complication of HCM is a condition called aortic thromboembolism,
abbreviated ATE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In ATE, a blood clot
develops in the left atrium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A piece of
the blood clot breaks free, travels down the aorta, and gets lodged at the very
end, where the aorta branches to supply the legs with blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats become acutely paralyzed in the rear
legs as a result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a truly
devastating complication that carries a very grave prognosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadly, as a feline practitioner, I have the
terrible misfortune of seeing two or three cases of ATE a year, and every case
ends disastrously. Sigh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats diagnosed
with HCM are usually prescribed a variety of medications aimed at slowing the
progression of the disorder and reducing the risk of ATE, and many cats do well
for many years after the diagnosis with no symptoms at all.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivUMEOJ_rFZ60ly4rBqwN5A-ZXFMqJyRq3DfkRjCdwJXIc8n545OGmeXRMRsAU0qBYY3VHCtiWHFuvtr5oOeoK7xbWif1_PCnKxFN60nhtjE4gQgqwii7HA1KM1c_w910R2A7KMpop0SBa/s1600/heart3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivUMEOJ_rFZ60ly4rBqwN5A-ZXFMqJyRq3DfkRjCdwJXIc8n545OGmeXRMRsAU0qBYY3VHCtiWHFuvtr5oOeoK7xbWif1_PCnKxFN60nhtjE4gQgqwii7HA1KM1c_w910R2A7KMpop0SBa/s400/heart3.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>HCM can
strike any breed of cat, however, Maine Coons and Ragdolls are predisposed to
the disorder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortunately, the reason
for their susceptibility was discovered several years ago: a mutation in the
gene that codes for a specific protein in the heart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A genetic test has been developed to screen
cats for the disorder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The test requires
either a cheek swab or a blood sample. Responsible breeders can now test their
cats for this mutation, and use selective breeding techniques to hopefully
eliminate the gene from the population. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kittens
will sometimes have a heart murmur that disappears as they mature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A persistent murmur in a kitten, however,
should be investigated, as congenital heart diseases occasionally do occur, and
the sooner they are diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>775</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4424</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>36</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>10</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5189</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-43565399313644564702017-01-02T06:32:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:00.815-04:00Disorders of the Feline Esophagus<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 22.0pt;">Disorders of the Feline Esophagus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Last week I
examined a cat that was brought to my feline-only veterinary practice for a
gastrointestinal problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I asked the
client what her main concern was, and she said that the cat was regurgitating
frequently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I asked if the cat was truly
regurgitating, or if he was vomiting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She said, “I didn’t realize there was a difference”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBZFpInL17Yg2bglM11QlDqcqcIyhngQKp6ZaX5-OS_j_lkfk1Layi_KBtFFm1Klp0r4fK6cw_lZs6Rtzeo7q6VK_R2utuO8x2e9kanLNJFxjMNaAF_dUXeytN6CSUM8FLml66hFPjRoEZ/s1600/esophagus5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBZFpInL17Yg2bglM11QlDqcqcIyhngQKp6ZaX5-OS_j_lkfk1Layi_KBtFFm1Klp0r4fK6cw_lZs6Rtzeo7q6VK_R2utuO8x2e9kanLNJFxjMNaAF_dUXeytN6CSUM8FLml66hFPjRoEZ/s400/esophagus5.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I would
venture that most people incorrectly believe that vomiting and regurgitating
are synonymous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vomiting is the forceful
expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When animals vomit, the forceful contractions
of the stomach are clearly visible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Regurgitation, on the other hand, is the ejection of undigested food
from the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth and the stomach.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(In lay terms, we often call the esophagus
the “food pipe”, similar to the way we call the trachea the “windpipe”.)
Regurgitation is a passive process; the animal leans forward, puts its head
down, and the esophageal contents are expelled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Unlike vomiting, there is no salivation, retching, or violent abdominal
contractions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two processes are
completely different, and so are the disorders that cause them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgk_6248GHSw1wANS-aRG_X1KSXBsf2CCe28_Js6BTiazlI-2WPdUTp20lxQSrAmZk7VT7aytoxPeLM_uSyNgHLZHItx4iEUg0RqVDrXA7Jpm4470DUsIAG68d7Q_Sxf7kD9rsXNEi7Yk/s1600/esophagus4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgk_6248GHSw1wANS-aRG_X1KSXBsf2CCe28_Js6BTiazlI-2WPdUTp20lxQSrAmZk7VT7aytoxPeLM_uSyNgHLZHItx4iEUg0RqVDrXA7Jpm4470DUsIAG68d7Q_Sxf7kD9rsXNEi7Yk/s400/esophagus4.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Upon
further questioning of my client, it was apparent that the cat was actually
vomiting, and this was no surprise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Esophageal
disorders are much less common than disorders of the stomach and intestines in
cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Table 1 is a list of the most
common esophageal disorders in cats.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbWrVMwCvTO_RV3DmMTIUgOgx0PQ26bqsQAFOi86Ha3B5xaLA-XQEd8cSHRu2DShHSvfnYHEP2WoJhSS6Y14f_10XiDl6cDB5e0_BANt_e3If1aQJgb4KDWXkOvs46ZYt4usHREe-IFUvG/s1600/esophagus3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbWrVMwCvTO_RV3DmMTIUgOgx0PQ26bqsQAFOi86Ha3B5xaLA-XQEd8cSHRu2DShHSvfnYHEP2WoJhSS6Y14f_10XiDl6cDB5e0_BANt_e3If1aQJgb4KDWXkOvs46ZYt4usHREe-IFUvG/s400/esophagus3.png" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Megaesophagus</b> is a condition in which
the esophagus is weak and unable to propel food from the mouth to the
stomach.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The esophagus becomes flaccid
and large (hence the “mega”, derived from Greek, meaning “large”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are several causes of megaesophagus in the
cat, such as congenital and hereditary disorders (Siamese cats are predisposed)
and neuromuscular disorders (such as dysautonomia and myasthenia gravis).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most cases, the underlying cause is never
identified.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Regurgitation is the most
prominent sign in cats with megaesophagus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If megaesophagus is secondary to a neuromuscular disorder, other signs,
such as weakness, muscle pain, and muscle atrophy may be present.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some cats with megaesophagus will regurgitate
food into their mouths and then accidentally inhale some food into their lungs,
leading to aspiration pneumonia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Additional clinical signs associated with aspiration pneumonia include
fever, labored breathing, and coughing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Diagnosis of megaeophagus can often be made via radiology (x-rays).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Administration of barium before the x-rays
are taken greatly enhances the visualization of the esophagus, aiding in the
diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment of megaesophagus
consists mainly of supportive care, except in those rare cases where a
treatable underlying cause has been identified.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Supportive care involves feeding frequent small meals with the cat in an
upright position.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cat is trained to
eat from a bowl placed on an elevated platform.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ideally, the cat is held upright for 10 minutes after eating so that
gravity may assist the movement of food into the stomach.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liquefied food works best.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRYjpWQazis80e_7QvY8xK4YKMQzUof0qBoKkaW6JZpnO7a26Yb-ORu5ZF19eRYDhiFcFChr15WJjHUzscCLtD0-X7b220ncqX8OUQY-Sic1LEgqy41gk1VvyAhyfQVSRS0lds3Z-7keVo/s1600/esophagus2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRYjpWQazis80e_7QvY8xK4YKMQzUof0qBoKkaW6JZpnO7a26Yb-ORu5ZF19eRYDhiFcFChr15WJjHUzscCLtD0-X7b220ncqX8OUQY-Sic1LEgqy41gk1VvyAhyfQVSRS0lds3Z-7keVo/s400/esophagus2.jpg" width="400" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Esophageal foreign bodies</b> are
occasionally seen in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most
commonly swallowed objects are fishhooks, sewing needles, and bones.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Depending on the type of the object, the size
and shape, and how long the object has been there, foreign objects can cause
significant damage to the esophagus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Clinical signs are an acute onset of gagging, retching, salivation,
repeated swallowing, and regurgitation. (Table 2) Perforation of the esophagus
by the foreign body is a serious complication and can cause fever, pain,
coughing, labored breathing, and abscess formation. Because the likelihood of
complications increases with time, identification of a foreign body should be
treated as an emergency. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most esophageal
foreign bodies are visible on x-rays.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Once identified, the foreign body should be retrieved using an
endoscope.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the endoscope is passed
into the esophagus and the object is seen, grasping forceps can be employed to
snare it. Care must be taken to avoid creating further damage when sharp
objects are removed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the object
cannot be extracted orally, an attempt should be made to push it into the
stomach, where it can be removed via abdominal surgery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the object cannot be removed orally or
advanced into the stomach, then esophageal surgery is required.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Esophageal surgery is much more complex and
expensive and has a markedly worse prognosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</b> (GERD)
is common in people, but uncommon in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It occurs when acid from the stomach refluxes, i.e. leaks backward, into
the esophagus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is sometimes seen as a
complication after anesthesia; when cats are anesthetized, the sphincter muscle
between the stomach and esophagus may relax, allowing caustic gastric juice to
enter the esophagus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conditions that
cause chronic persistent vomiting, as well as anatomical conditions, such as a
hiatal hernia (see next section), can also lead to acid reflux and esophageal
damage. The clinical signs of GERD are similar to those of megaesophagus (Table
2).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Radiographs aren’t very helpful in
the diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The best diagnostic test
is endoscopy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The endoscope allows you
to visualize the lining of the esophagus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Affected cats will often show severe redness and inflammation, erosions,
ulcers and possibly hemorrhage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some
cases, the junction between the esophagus and stomach is seen to be wide open
(in normal cats, it is closed) and reflux of gastric contents may actually be
observed during endoscopy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The goals of
treatment are to prevent reflux, decrease the acidity of the stomach contents,
promote healing of the damaged esophagus, and control infection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To prevent reflux, drugs that tighten the
sphincter between the esophagus and stomach and promote gastric emptying are
given.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most common are
metoclopramide (Reglan) and cisapride.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To reduce gastric acid, drugs called H2-receptor blockers may be
given.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Familiar ones are cimetidine
(Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac) and famotidine (Pepcid).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Famotidine is ideal for cats in that it can
be given once daily.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More potent acid
inhibitors, such as omeprazole (Prilosec) or pantoprazole (Protonix) may be
indicated in severe cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sucralfate
(Carafate) is an oral drug that, if compounded as a liquid, binds selectively
to erosions in the esophagus, acting as a barrier or “Band-Aid” against damage
from stomach acid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antibiotics are
usually administered to prevent or control infection by oral bacteria that may
colonize the eroded areas in the esophagus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A potential complication of foreign bodies and reflux disease is the
development of a stricture (discussed below). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw3kM6Lx_ZT3pnAhlyvd62Fn0Es4_DjGRs1VGniYXNhgoBvLZSlg-QCmH3SmTKmQ_dQ0w7JjVntkMlzQpmIq7ndxgtQJI1D63KmhyNxsbEMAOeU-al3h_Hr4J7uayAoxH7tcEf5hM205hx/s1600/esophagus1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw3kM6Lx_ZT3pnAhlyvd62Fn0Es4_DjGRs1VGniYXNhgoBvLZSlg-QCmH3SmTKmQ_dQ0w7JjVntkMlzQpmIq7ndxgtQJI1D63KmhyNxsbEMAOeU-al3h_Hr4J7uayAoxH7tcEf5hM205hx/s400/esophagus1.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
diaphragm is a muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is an opening in the diaphragm, called
the esophageal hiatus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The very end of
the esophagus passes through the hiatus and gives rise to the stomach, which is
on the abdominal side of the diaphragm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hiatal hernia</b> occurs when
part of the stomach pushes through the hiatus and goes into the chest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes the herniated piece of stomach
moves back and forth through the hiatus (a “sliding” hiatal hernia); in other
cases, the stomach goes through the hiatus and gets stuck there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most cases, it is a congenital condition, i.e.
cats are born with it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some cats acquire
the condition later in life, sometimes secondary to trauma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hiatal hernias cause acid reflux and many or all
of the clinical signs described in the previous paragraph.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diagnosis is usually made via radiographs,
especially if the hernia is persistent (i.e. not sliding).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the radiograph, a small portion of the
stomach will be visible on the chest-side of the diaphragm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment requires surgical correction of the
hernia, as well as administration of antacids and protectants.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Esophageal stricture</b> is an abnormal
narrowing of a portion of the esophagus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Strictures can develop after any severe injury to the esophagus, but
they most commonly occur as a complication of reflux esophagitis and foreign
bodies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Certain drugs given by mouth in
tablet or capsule form can result in esophageal damage and stricture if
administration is not followed by a small amount of water or food, most notably
the antibiotics clindamycin and doxycycline hydrocholoride.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Strictures develop slowly, so the clinical
signs usually include progressively worsening inability to eat solid food,
regurgitation immediately after eating, and weight loss despite an excellent
appetite.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diagnosis can usually be made
via radiography after administering barium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Barium outlines the internal portion of the esophagus and allows
visualization of the stricture and assessment of the length and number of
strictures present.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Endoscopy is useful
for identifying strictures as well as for treatment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Balloon dilation is a procedure in which a
catheter with a deflated balloon at the tip is advanced into the stricture with
the cat under anesthesia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The balloon is
then inflated, opening up the stricture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The procedure is repeated at 5-7 day intervals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hemorrhage or perforation is an occasional
complication.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some cats do well, but in
many cats, the stricture reforms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
these cases, surgery may be attempted, but a guarded prognosis must be given. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cancer of the esophagus</b> is rare in the
cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most common cancer seen is
squamous cell carcinoma, usually in elderly cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other tumors, such as sarcomas and
plasmacytomas are seldom seen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because
these tumors grow slowly, the clinical signs are similar to those seen in cats
with esophageal strictures, i.e. slowly progressive onset of regurgitation,
salivation, retching and difficulty swallowing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Radiographs may reveal a soft tissue mass in the region of the
esophagus, which is often made more visible if barium is administered before
the radiograph is taken.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Endoscopy not
only allows visualization of the tumor, but also allows biopsy specimens to be
obtained for definitive diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Surgical removal is the only treatment option, although the prognosis is
poor, as the tumor may be too extensive to be removed. In many instances, the
tumor has metastasized to other parts of the body.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Disorders
of the esophagus are uncommon in cats. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is important that veterinarians distinguish
vomiting from regurgitation in their patients. It should be re-emphasized that administration
of any dry tablet or capsule to a cat should be followed by a small amount of
water or food, to prevent esophageal irritation and possible stricture
formation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Table 1 – Common disorders of the esophagus in cats<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Megaesophagus<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Esophageal foreign bodies<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reflux esophagitis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hiatal hernia <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Esophageal stricture<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cancer of the esophagus<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Table 2 – Common clinical signs of esophageal disease<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gagging<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Retching<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Regurgitation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Excessive salivation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Painful swallowing<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1631</o:Words>
<o:Characters>9298</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>77</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>21</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>10908</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Exaggerated or repeated swallowing motions<o:p></o:p></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-65454114286473953862016-12-20T17:09:00.000-05:002018-08-23T19:26:15.707-04:00Body Parts - The Claws<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Body Parts – The Claws<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cat feet
are fascinating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They function as shock
absorbers when landing after aerial acrobatics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The pads on the paws are thick, with a substantial amount of adipose
(fat) tissue just below the pad surfaces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This acts as a cushion, allowing for cats to walk quietly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To me, however, the most impressive parts of
the feet are the claws.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All members
of the family Felidae have claws.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
claws are retractable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the foot is
relaxed, the claws remain sheathed by a layer of modified skin, which is
surrounded by the fur on the toes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keeping the claws sheathed helps prevent wear and tear by minimizing
contact with the ground.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When necessary,
cats can voluntarily extend the claws on one or more paws.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most common reasons for exposing their
claws are hunting, self-defense (often against veterinarians, unfortunately),
climbing, “kneading”, and for extra traction, like when my new kitten dashes
across our expensive Persian rug.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cats
typically have five toes on their front paws and four toes on their back paws,
and each of these toes has a claw associated with it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not all cats conform to the formula of five
toes in the front and four in the back, however.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A naturally occurring genetic mutation
occasionally occurs, causing cats to have extra toes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is called polydactylism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My adult cat, Mittens, is polydactyl, hence
her corny name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As you can see in the
photo, it’s an appropriate moniker.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her
feet are huge!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0vrs38_oWcWOLnIn-KqFxOZlrcWPQc4GfWvF7uTEhjZR3Z5dwtzges9b_4eZmoYyjm9uuMLiVD-Ewm-Pp4mpEMSbFBZ4tb7M25TqtyccMHs5tGB64LrcHpAxE2TIvCh2RVzUAZMM4aUU7/s1600/DSC08584.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0vrs38_oWcWOLnIn-KqFxOZlrcWPQc4GfWvF7uTEhjZR3Z5dwtzges9b_4eZmoYyjm9uuMLiVD-Ewm-Pp4mpEMSbFBZ4tb7M25TqtyccMHs5tGB64LrcHpAxE2TIvCh2RVzUAZMM4aUU7/s640/DSC08584.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuntmi_lLXwtjTObhK34sGeBLsGJOf7i8ZQ4jWxyfMCrEVeV-K1iiMDQ0K-i2_eFeJIwrpf2XO0ddfwe8N1mlz3EqOsIWURU82vWODRCPFeYggAeFCKsT7-tGn-DGdvRILbWeYAQKuO4Rv/s1600/claw_nail_quick.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuntmi_lLXwtjTObhK34sGeBLsGJOf7i8ZQ4jWxyfMCrEVeV-K1iiMDQ0K-i2_eFeJIwrpf2XO0ddfwe8N1mlz3EqOsIWURU82vWODRCPFeYggAeFCKsT7-tGn-DGdvRILbWeYAQKuO4Rv/s400/claw_nail_quick.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I see a fair
number of claw injuries in my feline-only veterinary practice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most common are broken nails and
overgrown nails.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Broken nails often
occur because the claw becomes entangled in a carpet or thick fabric.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the cat pulls the foot loose, the nail can
tear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes, the nail gets
completely torn off. In most cases, the nail is only partially torn off and is
dangling, causing pain or discomfort every time the nail touches anything.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Torn nails are uncomfortable for the cat
because after a tear, the underlying tissue, called the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">quick,</i> becomes exposed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
quick contains blood vessels and nerve endings and is sensitive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A torn nail often causes the cat to limp on
the affected foot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In severe cases, the
cat may refuse to bear any weight at all on the foot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment for a partially torn nail involves
removal of the dangling piece of nail by your veterinarian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because cats scratch around in their dirty
litter boxes with their feet, the exposed quick is at risk of becoming
infected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Your veterinarian may
prescribe antibiotics and possibly pain medication.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A new nail often regrows from the exposed
quick, however, that nail may end up looking malformed compared to the others. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQPNmyfZ-X709eZ7e4Sk23-lLdhgx03ddUNpqtTqTPtj-lPyg_YYZt6jNa-YUnuODWo8SfEcCES1weRsYxTAAMLiQevbLNqZVM5fXgRJUrjqcRpD9lz-tbrXx0JZ-Ijt7IDyFa7xBNHOu5/s1600/overgrown+nails.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQPNmyfZ-X709eZ7e4Sk23-lLdhgx03ddUNpqtTqTPtj-lPyg_YYZt6jNa-YUnuODWo8SfEcCES1weRsYxTAAMLiQevbLNqZVM5fXgRJUrjqcRpD9lz-tbrXx0JZ-Ijt7IDyFa7xBNHOu5/s400/overgrown+nails.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If a cat’s
claws aren’t trimmed regularly, the claw can grow long enough that it actually
curves all the way around and can pierce the pad of the affected toe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The wound that occurs may get infected,
causing pain and discomfort to the cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Treatment requires trimming the offending claw.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This should be performed by your veterinarian
and should not be attempted at home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
the pad is infected, your vet will prescribe antibiotics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some cases, soaking the foot in an
antiseptic solution may be beneficial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Overgrown nails seem to happen only in the front feet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rear nails are shaped differently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rear claws may grow very long if untrimmed,
but they grow outwardly rather than curving down and around. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Overgrown claws can be prevented by keeping your cat’s nails
trimmed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arden Moore, in her book “Fit
Cat”, gives a few quick and easy steps for giving your cat a “pet-icure”:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Get the equipment you need: nail clippers
designed specifically for cats, a thick towel, and styptic powder (in case you
trim a nail too short and it bleeds)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Wrap your cat in a large bath towel, exposing
one foot at a time.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Position your thumb so that it rests on top of
one paw, with your fingers of that hand underneath.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gently press on the top of one of the toes to
expose the nail.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snip the clear, white tip of the nail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do not cut too close to the pink part (the
quick), or you might nick the vein that runs through the nail, causing
bleeding.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->If you do nick the quick, apply a little styptic
powder to stop the bleeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you
don’t have styptic powder, direct pressure on the nail with a tissue or paper
towel will stop the bleeding quickly. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Give lots of praise to your cat during the nail
trimming session, so that your cat might see it as a positive experience.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To make
nail trimming less stressful for your cat, start them young.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Play with your kitten’s feet regularly to get
them used to being handled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gently
squeeze the footpads to expose the nails, and then release.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Give a healthy treat after handling the
feet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats who have had their feet
handled frequently as kittens are more amenable to nail trimming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some cats, however, simply will not allow
their owner to trim the nails.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In these
cases, taking the cat to your veterinarian or to a groomer should solve the
problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Claws should be trimmed
approximately every six to eight weeks.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>757</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4319</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>35</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>10</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5066</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-90972970742307064402016-12-19T14:49:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:01.335-04:00The Feline Adrenal Glands<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Body Parts – the Adrenal Glands<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I would
venture that most people have heard of the adrenal glands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would also bet that if asked about what the
adrenals do, most folks would correctly guess that they make adrenaline, the
"fight or flight" hormone that makes your heart race before that
first big plunge on the roller coaster.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But the adrenals do so much more than just make adrenaline.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These small glands are impressive little
hormone factories, producing substances that control electrolytes, influence
blood pressure, manage stress, and help regulate blood sugar.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3n9iB7tal2mm9cRbpBqlJuFDFdnnEl82avBWBruBJjJuV97YQpTdEknHDm-upSIV39n1OannP40QBqjIA9Aeo8JFAKwIyh03jF3XY4QkqTO3DUEkAsO-rks5JIuxrZUQn0eu1ay5ATgM0/s1600/adrenal+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3n9iB7tal2mm9cRbpBqlJuFDFdnnEl82avBWBruBJjJuV97YQpTdEknHDm-upSIV39n1OannP40QBqjIA9Aeo8JFAKwIyh03jF3XY4QkqTO3DUEkAsO-rks5JIuxrZUQn0eu1ay5ATgM0/s400/adrenal+1.jpg" width="380" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
adrenals, as their name implies (from the Greek: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad</i> = on top of, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">renal</i> =
kidney) are located just above each kidney.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The gland is comprised of two parts, the outer portion, called the
cortex, and the inner portion, the medulla.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBn_TcJrkWlQVq2duyBlFlyZHwB9ZGaurCUU57h6XKvTWjgLAyFGeaI22ATp-AUCXFo5QMa7traafe0FWlE7Fz-kWL3GK-9NSHFLci9EzANrki3FcW1B-Ahv-A4nLRk74s63Mc3_FaJuqc/s1600/adrenal+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBn_TcJrkWlQVq2duyBlFlyZHwB9ZGaurCUU57h6XKvTWjgLAyFGeaI22ATp-AUCXFo5QMa7traafe0FWlE7Fz-kWL3GK-9NSHFLci9EzANrki3FcW1B-Ahv-A4nLRk74s63Mc3_FaJuqc/s400/adrenal+3.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The cortex
can be subdivided even further, into three layers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each later produces different hormones.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The outermost layer produces aldosterone, a
hormone that controls blood pressure by adjusting the level of sodium and
potassium in the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The middle layer
produces cortisol, a steroid hormone that regulates metabolism and helps the
body manage physiologic stress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
inner layer produces sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, (although
the majority of the sex hormones come from the ovaries and testes.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The medulla
is where adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) is manufactured by the
body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As mentioned above, this hormone
helps the body spring into action in an emergency by increasing heart output
and blood pressure, and raising the blood sugar. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fortunately,
cats are much less susceptible to adrenal disorders compared to dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many
veterinarians forget to even put adrenal disorders on their list of
possibilities when dealing with cats, causing these ailments to be
underdiagnosed in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The three most
common of these uncommon conditions are Cushing’s disease, Addison’s disease,
and Conn’s disease.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizJ5NQMUaOIasqMpEmP0jug78KPRhOMi6yoS7DSy-J9EIUZOdjpC1twX6odPQq7uzlHesWIFy14Iny97coieH0ZB_aR3aaATDyYRzCE7kFrfrZSSaik6UuLlvhwdfsdtFLaRv-wMEWFzMj/s1600/adrenal+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizJ5NQMUaOIasqMpEmP0jug78KPRhOMi6yoS7DSy-J9EIUZOdjpC1twX6odPQq7uzlHesWIFy14Iny97coieH0ZB_aR3aaATDyYRzCE7kFrfrZSSaik6UuLlvhwdfsdtFLaRv-wMEWFzMj/s400/adrenal+2.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cushing’s
disease (the proper name is hyperadrenocorticism) is a condition in which the
adrenal gland is producing too much cortisol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are two main reasons for this: either the pituitary gland is
telling the adrenals to make more cortisol than it should, or there’s a tumor
of the adrenal gland that is producing cortisol uncontrollably.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In cats, the pituitary is the culprit 80% of
the time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cortisol-secreting adrenal
tumors in cats are very rare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main
signs of feline Cushing’s disease are excessive thirst and urination, weight
loss despite a voracious appetite, a pot-bellied appearance, hair loss, and
thin papery skin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diagnosis is made by
special blood tests and imaging techniques like ultrasound or CT scanning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are medications that can be given to
control cortisol secretion from the adrenals, however, if an adrenal tumor is
the cause of the condition, surgical removal of the tumor might offer the best
chance of treatment.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMAlxODiGBkbtRs7EnKnV2Rvc6wouKxpwbEKoTQJRhSffMKq4GErsM3nir-hMIvPkkaHi70vddYUG9MYdO4PcuFmNbp6-PkH4Y9dgSV3bX49T0NbrsHn_afqjAWL7DkpjMCuzuZBNOnzs/s1600/adrenal+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMAlxODiGBkbtRs7EnKnV2Rvc6wouKxpwbEKoTQJRhSffMKq4GErsM3nir-hMIvPkkaHi70vddYUG9MYdO4PcuFmNbp6-PkH4Y9dgSV3bX49T0NbrsHn_afqjAWL7DkpjMCuzuZBNOnzs/s400/adrenal+4.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Addison’s
disease (hypoadrenocorticism) is basically the opposite of Cushing’s
disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this condition, the adrenal
gland is making an inadequate amount of hormones. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most cases, the adrenal produces
insufficient aldosterone and insufficient cortisol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some cases, however, the adrenal produces
inadequate cortisol only.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is known
as “atypical” Addison’s disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Clinical signs of the disorder are non-specific and include poor
appetite, lethargy, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea. Routine bloodwork may
suggest the presence of Addison’s disease, however, a special blood test,
called an ACTH stimulation test, is necessary for a definitive diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment requires administration of the
deficient hormones.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conn’s
disease (hyperaldosteronism) is an adrenal disorder in which the adrenal cortex
produces excessive amounts of the hormone aldosterone. It is the most common
adrenal disorder in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Note: the
other two feline adrenal disorders are commonly referred to by their eponyms,
Cushing’s and Addison’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For some reason
though, hyperaldosteronism is rarely called Conn’s disease in veterinary
medicine. Convention, I suspect.]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Excessive aldosterone will cause the blood sodium level to rise and the
potassium level to drop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can lead
to dangerously high blood pressure as well as severe muscle weakness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most common cause is a tumor of the
adrenal gland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In cats, about half of
these tumors are benign, and half are malignant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Routine blood tests may be suggestive of
hyperaldosteronism, but a definitive diagnosis often requires measurement of
aldosterone levels in the bloodstream as well as some form of diagnostic imaging,
such as ultrasound or a CT scan, to better assess the adrenals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment can be either medical or
surgical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surgical removal of the
adrenal tumor can potentially cure the condition, however, surgery isn’t always
an option either due to cost, anesthetic risk to the cat, or invasion of the
tumor into the vena cava (a major blood vessel) making surgery too dangerous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For cats that are poor candidates for
surgery, medical management is recommended.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This involves controlling the blood pressure with a drug called
amlodipine, administering another drug called spironolactone which counteracts
the effects of the aldosterone, and supplementing the diet with extra
potassium, so as to maintain a normal blood potassium level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dosages of these drugs may need to be
increased as the disease progresses over time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the tumor has not spread and it can be completely removed, the
prognosis is excellent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats undergoing
medical management may do well for many months or even years, as long as they
receive their medication and are monitored closely. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>847</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4830</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>40</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>11</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5666</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-25890033260308555742016-12-08T14:37:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:00.555-04:00Lymph node enlargement in the cat.<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">Lymph Node Enlargement in the Cat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
We’ve all heard of
lymph nodes, but what exactly are they?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What do they do?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And why be
concerned when they become enlarged?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a feline
veterinarian, I perform dozens of physical examinations every week.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every veterinarian performs the physical exam
in his or her own style, making sure to evaluate all body systems thoroughly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assessment of the lymph nodes is
unquestionably a part of every veterinarian’s physical exam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJbKgGsIY-9NIre2vEdS329nxg5XiPEwn4cQI5Ddq3SDvw060UFv17uMbbOzltxM_7NOtB5y_JIljVOcnN2IIb6HNpNzv2TRIw-SjIYzFuEImrNK1sgc_gAWsDXLQRjqCJpEhmuUbGobs/s1600/Lymph+nodes.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJbKgGsIY-9NIre2vEdS329nxg5XiPEwn4cQI5Ddq3SDvw060UFv17uMbbOzltxM_7NOtB5y_JIljVOcnN2IIb6HNpNzv2TRIw-SjIYzFuEImrNK1sgc_gAWsDXLQRjqCJpEhmuUbGobs/s640/Lymph+nodes.png" width="640" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
lymphatic system is an arm of the immune system that plays a role in the
development of the body’s immune response. Lymph is the fluid that flows
through the lymphatic system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is rich
in protein and white blood cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cells of the immune system circulate
throughout the lymphatic vessels in the body. Lymph nodes are small,
oval-shaped organs that make up part of the lymphatic system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As lymph flows through the lymphatic vessels,
it passes through at least one set of lymph nodes, and often several sets,
before ultimately emptying into the general circulation where it mixes with
blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lymph nodes are the major
sites in the lymphatic system where the immune cells gather.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lymph nodes
have a distinct anatomical structure, consisting of an outer portion called the
cortex, and an inner portion called the medulla.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cortex contains large numbers of
lymphocytes, often arranged in clusters (follicles). There are two distinct
types of lymphocytes found in lymph nodes: T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. The
B lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies, a process called
“humoral immunity”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T lymphocytes, once
stimulated, are involved in a process called “cellular immunity”, the details
of which are probably beyond the scope of this discussion. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The medulla contains lymphocytes as well as
many other cells of the immune system, including macrophages and dendritic
cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The entire lymph node is
surrounded by a capsule comprised of connective tissue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwHOm0VcihBjerjBzZozM3HCX8B2IAF5xhIQUMUHwTAG0kNzgn1axah2aknxhjc-GgREriyaG3bpMiijanLK_q0YIstW_rjWCyy4IkOGkEk_HyyxHU9-esBMXKmQRpLTr16OZ9GnxhyYn3/s1600/lymph+node+4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwHOm0VcihBjerjBzZozM3HCX8B2IAF5xhIQUMUHwTAG0kNzgn1axah2aknxhjc-GgREriyaG3bpMiijanLK_q0YIstW_rjWCyy4IkOGkEk_HyyxHU9-esBMXKmQRpLTr16OZ9GnxhyYn3/s400/lymph+node+4.png" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The immune
system’s job is to protect and defend the body against harm by mounting an
attack against invading substances (antigens).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When an antigen invades the body and makes its way to the lymphatic
system and eventually to the lymph node, it stimulates a discrete population of
lymphocytes in the node. This causes those lymphocytes to proliferate and
transform, or become “activated”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
noted above, activated lymphocytes may produce antibodies that neutralize the
antigen, or the lymphocytes may become involved in more complex “cellular”
immune responses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When these lymphocytes
proliferate, lymphadenopathy develops. Lymphadenopathy is the medical term for
an increase in lymph node size.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Stimulation of the immune system is a common cause of lymph node
enlargement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cancer is an equally common
cause.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsBB7r0a3b-xDRUYGFYGBokJ20SagsfbBHpHvBThpZ-bIXMHb-AltjCBFztUwyN9pLTDbRZIDBQZaUCeSv-lC69pDya65jc9OBtqO7y5U6Kb4Gxv7KqTz00TzFuVbm3OxdQcSSR5nI0-ua/s1600/lymph+node+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsBB7r0a3b-xDRUYGFYGBokJ20SagsfbBHpHvBThpZ-bIXMHb-AltjCBFztUwyN9pLTDbRZIDBQZaUCeSv-lC69pDya65jc9OBtqO7y5U6Kb4Gxv7KqTz00TzFuVbm3OxdQcSSR5nI0-ua/s400/lymph+node+3.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lymphadenopathy
is sometimes noted as an incidental finding during physical examination of the
cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Occasionally a cat owner will bring
a cat to the veterinarian because of clinical signs related to the lymph node
enlargement, for example, difficulty swallowing due to enlarged retropharyngeal
lymph nodes (located at the back of the throat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>See sidebar.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes a cat
owner will bring a cat to the veterinarian because they’ve detected a lump, which
turns out to be an enlarged lymph node, while patting or stroking the cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The age of
the cat is important when considering the significance of lymph node
enlargement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kittens and young cats are
exposed to a variety of antigens early in their lives, and an increase in lymph
node size is an expected response by the immune system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As cats mature, lymph node size usually
decreases and the nodes often become more difficult to palpate in older
animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, in geriatric cats or
cats that have lost weight due to illness, the loss of body fat around the
lymph nodes may make the lymph nodes appear more prominent than expected. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cancer,
unfortunately, is a common reason for lymph node enlargement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The size and texture of the lymph node may
give clues in this regard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enlarged,
firm, painless lymph nodes that are freely moveable is usually associated with
primary lymph node cancer, i.e. lymphoma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Very hard lymph nodes are more suggestive of metastatic cancer, i.e. a
cancer arising in another site in the body that has spread to that lymph
node.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The degree of enlargement may
offer some clues as to the cause. Marked lymphadenopathy (the lymph node is 5
to 10 times the normal size) most often occurs with a lymph node abscess or
with lymphoma; metastatic cancer rarely causes lymph node enlargement of this
magnitude.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh86lYoVHdbs5HsJHYyIBXUlXOq_L4ETa4gPY8JQI-uEzeYKOV3hsIdhJc3-9nQ3566p9oTYdyFpJ8pX7TxaTmcBcYfTcsgq3TLSFba9pp1U-z5XZBhpoeEk9yKIYQpRvtQUW0gDRZqJzNU/s1600/lymphnode2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh86lYoVHdbs5HsJHYyIBXUlXOq_L4ETa4gPY8JQI-uEzeYKOV3hsIdhJc3-9nQ3566p9oTYdyFpJ8pX7TxaTmcBcYfTcsgq3TLSFba9pp1U-z5XZBhpoeEk9yKIYQpRvtQUW0gDRZqJzNU/s400/lymphnode2.png" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
location of the lymph node enlargement should also be considered in the patient
evaluation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If one lymph node is
enlarged, or one regional group of lymph nodes is enlarged, one should
carefully evaluate that area of the body for evidence of inflammation,
infection, or cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, if
the right submandibular lymph node (the node just below the jaw) is enlarged,
the right side of the mouth should be examined carefully.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A tooth root abscess involving a tooth on the
right side, for example, could cause this nearby lymph node to be
enlarged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If, however, all of the lymph nodes involving
the head region are enlarged, a more diffuse illness involving the head, such
as an upper respiratory infection, would be something to consider. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Obtaining a
diagnosis in cases of lymph node enlargement may require a variety of tests,
including blood and urine analysis, x-rays, and ultrasound.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultimately, a definitive diagnosis often
requires obtaining a sample of cells from the node itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is usually achieved either by aspiration
cytology, or by surgical biopsy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aspiration
cytology is a procedure in which a needle, attached to a syringe, is inserted
into the lymph node.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suction is applied
to the syringe so that cells from the lymph node are aspirated or sucked into
the hub of the needle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The contents are
then sprayed onto a microscope slide and are sent to the laboratory for
interpretation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The advantage of this
procedure is that it fairly non-invasive and inexpensive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A disadvantage is that the aspirate may not
yield enough cells to make a diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Only positive findings are diagnostically useful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The absence of abnormal findings in an
enlarged lymph node means that the diagnosis is still unresolved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Biopsy of
the lymph node is the definitive diagnostic test in evaluating lymph node
enlargement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Depending on the size and
location of the node, either the entire node is removed (this is called
“excisional biopsy”), or a small piece of the lymph node is removed (this is
“incisional biopsy”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The biopsy
specimen is then evaluated by a pathologist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Treatment is based on the biopsy results: infections are usually treated
with antimicrobials; cancer is treated by chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, or
a combination of these.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lymph nodes
are encapsulated structures containing aggregates of cells of the immune system
that are capable of responding to a wide variety of invading antigens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enlargement of the lymph nodes occurs either
due to reactive enlargement (stimulation of the immune system), primary cancer
of the lymph nodes (lymphoma), or metastatic cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Infectious causes of lymph node enlargement
are more common in younger animals, while cancerous causes tend to be seen in
older animals, although there is considerable overlap.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The size, location, and texture of the
enlarged node(s) may offer clues as to the cause, and diagnostic tests such as
x-rays, ultrasound, and blood and urine tests give valuable diagnostic
information, however, obtaining a sample of the enlarged node is usually
required for a definitive diagnosis to be achieved. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sidebar: names and locations of some of the feline lymph
nodes<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Submandibular – just below the mandible (lower jaw)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Retropharyngeal – in the back of the throat<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cervical – in the neck, along the trachea<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axillary – in the armpit<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sternal – inside the chest along the sternum (breastbone)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tracheobronchial – associated with the bronchi (airways) in
the lungs<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sublumbar – above the colon, just below the spine<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Inguinal – in the groin area<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Popliteal – along the back of the thigh<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Epigastric – adjacent to the stomach<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mesenteric – in the abdomen, associated with the intestines<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1267</o:Words>
<o:Characters>7224</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>60</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>16</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>8475</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes is a common
finding in companion animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Infection
is a common cause of lymph node enlargement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cancer is also a common reason for lymph node enlargement. <o:p></o:p></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-36064406941788560762016-11-25T18:09:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:00.717-04:00Renomegaly - Enlarged Kidneys in Cats<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 28.0pt;">Renomegaly in Cats<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Renomegaly (enlarged
kidneys) is a fairly common finding in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This article discusses the common causes and potential treatments.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I’m not the
only veterinarian who has noticed that odd veterinary cases tend to come in
twos and threes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I can go months or
even years without seeing a particular ailment, and then I’ll get two in the
same week, sometimes even in the same day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUjs8epGPhT_SbY4XSVNL7w5ZHJXQqFHCe_9cDr0ox2mwey-uofVsoNkwmGeiQ3I1aOT56ROSnjPV-nhf4uQuDH-EQ6_2EJZboobpfBB-wptb03ITYZOP8DYDkWhubb2QnTNwPow-VOgbD/s1600/renomegaly3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUjs8epGPhT_SbY4XSVNL7w5ZHJXQqFHCe_9cDr0ox2mwey-uofVsoNkwmGeiQ3I1aOT56ROSnjPV-nhf4uQuDH-EQ6_2EJZboobpfBB-wptb03ITYZOP8DYDkWhubb2QnTNwPow-VOgbD/s400/renomegaly3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Last week I
examined a 12 year-old cat for decreased appetite and weight loss.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the cat’s scrawny appearance on the exam
table, it was obvious that he had lost substantial weight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On abdominal palpation, I immediately felt
two markedly enlarged kidneys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My very
next appointment was a middle-aged cat for routine examination and
vaccines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The physical exam findings
were normal, except when I felt the abdomen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The right kidney was normal sized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The left kidney, however, was at least three times the size of the right
one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRgDZ6X0KEdEa2XFeo4rlcFSIw71TBMyxiWXecBzgUJmkm8Q-AaoIl4j4wB5BHWWeVK81PCDr7tPtjnSts20UR84x7ejxO5VTHf0m6lfwXxp-Kq4FoW_LGa70n9ft2vBz-c2tub_XZTORx/s1600/renomegaly1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRgDZ6X0KEdEa2XFeo4rlcFSIw71TBMyxiWXecBzgUJmkm8Q-AaoIl4j4wB5BHWWeVK81PCDr7tPtjnSts20UR84x7ejxO5VTHf0m6lfwXxp-Kq4FoW_LGa70n9ft2vBz-c2tub_XZTORx/s400/renomegaly1.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Renomegaly
(“reno” means “kidney”, “mega” means “increased size”) is the medical term for
enlarged kidneys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Renomegaly is not a
diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a physical exam
finding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once identified, the judicious
use of diagnostic tests such as x-rays, ultrasound, cytology, or biopsy often
leads to a relatively quick diagnosis, because the list of disorders causing
renomegaly in cats is fairly narrow. (see sidebar)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The characteristics of the kidney enlargement
are helpful in formulating the list of possible causes. For example, renomegaly
can be unilateral (one kidney affected) or bilateral (both kidneys
affected).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can be diffuse (the entire
kidney is involved) or focal (only one part of the kidney is affected).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Renomegaly can also be described, based on
the severity of the enlargement, as being mild, moderate, or severe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Acute renal failure (ARF)</b> typically
causes bilateral, smooth, swollen painful kidneys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Common causes include ingestion of toxins
(with ethylene glycol or antifreeze being the most notorious), hypovolemic
shock (inadequate perfusion of the kidneys), and pyelonephritis (bacterial
kidney infection). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWOn7H_sSCuok_LZObN-RqWdy8mKl7E1G19GkMso9EREj08FgdCmZ106nwtZI7xji5n02dc5J9lHPlicZTJknWle4qSzkzObuzwBEHycL7Y-_qoejBiGSVmwpCRJxZyxdTsaHkT334IlZX/s1600/renomegaly4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWOn7H_sSCuok_LZObN-RqWdy8mKl7E1G19GkMso9EREj08FgdCmZ106nwtZI7xji5n02dc5J9lHPlicZTJknWle4qSzkzObuzwBEHycL7Y-_qoejBiGSVmwpCRJxZyxdTsaHkT334IlZX/s400/renomegaly4.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Renal lymphoma</b> is the most common
cancer affecting the kidneys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Affected
cats are typically middle aged or elderly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The degree of enlargement is moderate to severe, and both kidneys are
involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with renal lymphoma often
have poor appetite, weight loss, excessive thirst and urination, lethargy, and
pale gums. These signs are usually due to renal failure as a result of the
lymphoma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of these signs, however,
may also be due to concurrent lymphoma in other organs such as the
gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Approximately 50% of cats with renal lymphoma
are also infected with the feline leukemia virus.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)</b> is
an insidious viral disease that is nearly always fatal in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats infected with FIP can develop either the
“wet” form of the disease, in which the abdomen (and occasionally the chest
cavity) fills with fluid, or the “dry” form, in which clusters of inflammatory
cells, called granulomas, infiltrate various organs of the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The kidneys are a common target for these
granulomas, and many cats with the dry form of FIP will have palpably enlarged,
irregular kidneys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no
treatment for FIP, although an investigational drug called Polyprenyl
Immunostimulant may show some promise in treating the dry form of the
disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further studies on this drug
are needed.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sometimes,
a cat will suffer some type of damage to one of the kidneys, resulting in a
gradual loss of function in that kidney.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The loss of functional kidney tissue in the affected kidney continues
over time, and the kidney gets smaller and smaller, as scar tissue forms in the
kidney.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cells of the opposite kidney
become enlarged as the opposite kidney now has to do the work of both
kidneys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This enlargement is called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">compensatory hypertrophy</b> and tends to
be relatively mild. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)</b> is an
inherited disorder in Persian cats and Persian crosses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In cats with PKD, normal renal tissue is
displaced by multiple enlarging cysts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In most affected cats, clinical signs don’t develop until kidney failure
develops, at which point the cat may show anorexia, increased thirst and
urination, weight loss, and vomiting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
more detailed discussion of polycystic kidney disease can be found in next
month’s issue of Catnip (or whatever issue you decide to publish the article
I’m scheduled to write).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Primary renal cancer</b> is uncommon in
companion animals, accounting for less than 2.5% of all tumors in dogs and less
than 1.7% of all tumors in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
noted above, lymphoma is the most common renal cancer in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It tends to affect both kidneys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other cancers affecting the kidney in cats
include renal carcinoma, renal adenoma, and nephroblastoma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These rare tumors are almost always
unilateral. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Renal abscesses and hematomas</b> are
uncommon causes of renomegaly in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>An abscess is a pocket of pus that develops within the kidney, either
due to a blood borne infection, or via extension from an infected focus in a
nearby organ.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other causes include blunt
abdominal trauma, penetrating wounds, or surgical contamination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A hematoma is a solid swelling composed of
clotted blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They usually occur
secondary to trauma. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Urine that
is formed in the kidneys travels down the ureters into the bladder, and then
out the urethra. If the flow of urine is obstructed, the urine builds up,
causing dilation that begins in the central portion (the medulla) of the
kidney.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The kidney tissue surrounding
the medulla gets compressed from the pressure, until the kidney becomes a
non-functional, fluid-filled sac, unless the obstruction is relieved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unilateral hydronephrosis results from
obstruction involving a single ureter or kidney.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Common causes include a ureteral stone, a
ureteral stricture, or accidentally tying off the ureter during spay
surgery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats that develop a stone in
one ureter occasionally develop stones in the other ureter as well, which can
lead to bilateral hydronephrosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
most common cause of unilateral hydronephrosis in cats is “idiopathic”, a nice
way of saying that we have no idea why it happens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Obstruction further down, at the level of the
bladder or urethra, would be expected to cause bilateral hydronephrosis,
however, even though urethral obstruction is very common in male cats, this
obstruction is usually diagnosed quickly enough to precede any significant
renomegaly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy-l8PcIvukV6mJBMM_NIYdOpiGdpGJ1l-xwn5UEEVzKsNg9TxyNc0U2Do1lPpA63bVUtzYHQpEMPpkAMNGm7n_EEc8yMgY66z7VbApxaXJSVZ3PGKYv1RCHN26f_Gbd0ale3ZNtgXabcQ/s1600/renomegaly2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy-l8PcIvukV6mJBMM_NIYdOpiGdpGJ1l-xwn5UEEVzKsNg9TxyNc0U2Do1lPpA63bVUtzYHQpEMPpkAMNGm7n_EEc8yMgY66z7VbApxaXJSVZ3PGKYv1RCHN26f_Gbd0ale3ZNtgXabcQ/s640/renomegaly2.jpg" width="469" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>[The kidney
is surrounded by a tough fibrous capsule.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Occasionally, fluid can accumulate beneath the kidney capsule.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will cause the kidney to feel enlarged
on palpation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although these disorders
technically are not causing enlargement of the kidney itself, they usually
cannot be differentiated from true renomegaly based on abdominal palpation
alone, or by x-rays.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only by abdominal
ultrasound can it be shown that the enlargement is due to the presence of fluid
beneath the capsule of the kidney.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
most common sub-capsular disorders are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sub-capsular
hematomas</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perinephric </b>(perry-NEF-rick)
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pseudocysts</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sub-capsular hematomas usually occur after
blunt abdominal trauma or as a complication of kidney biopsy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perinephric pseudocysts<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(“peri” = surrounding; “nephric” = pertaining
to the kidney; “pseudo” = false) are accumulations of fluid just beneath the
fibrous capsule that surrounds the kidneys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They are called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pseudo</i>cysts
because they look like cysts, but unlike true cysts, they lack an epithelial
lining.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One or both kidneys may be
affected. Exactly why they develop is unknown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>About 75% of cats with perinephric pseudocysts also have some degree of
chronic renal failure.]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As stated
above, the list of causes of renomegaly is fairly narrow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The age and breed of the cat is helpful in
narrowing the list even further.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
example, young cats are more likely to have congenital problems or FIP.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cancer is more common in older animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A high index of suspicion for PKD should be
present if the patient is a Persian cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Physical
exam findings also help narrow the list further.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Severe enlargement<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is most likely caused by hydronephrosis,
cancer, PKD, perinephric pseudocysts, or FIP.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the kidneys feel irregular in shape, FIP, lymphoma, and other cancers
are higher on the differential list.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Smooth kidneys are usually present in acute renal failure,
hydronephrosis and compensatory hypertrophy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the cat shows pain when the kidneys are palpated, acute renal
failure, kidney infection, and kidney abscess move up higher on the
differential list.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many of the
illnesses that result in renomegaly will cause abnormalities on routine blood
and urine tests. Occasionally, these tests alone will reveal the
diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most cases, however, laboratory
tests alone are inadequate for achieving a diagnosis for renomegaly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X-rays give information about the size,
shape and location of the kidneys, however, plain x-rays may not provide
adequate detail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A technique called
excretory urography, in which a contrast agent is given intravenously, can
enhance the appearance of the kidneys on the x-rays, giving more details
regarding the cause of the renomegaly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ultrasound provides a rapid, non-invasive assessment of the kidneys,
allowing evaluation of the internal structures of the kidneys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both techniques (x-rays and ultrasound) have
their specific benefits and limitations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In many
cases, a definitive diagnosis for renomegaly requires obtaining a sample of the
affected kidney tissue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is usually
done either by a technique called fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or by
biopsy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fine-needle aspiration is a procedure
in which a needle, attached to a syringe, is inserted into kidney, using
ultrasound guidance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suction is applied
to the syringe so that cells from kidney are aspirated or sucked into the hub
of the needle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The contents are then
sprayed onto a microscope slide and are sent to the laboratory for
interpretation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The advantage of this
procedure is that it fairly non-invasive and inexpensive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A disadvantage is that the aspirate may not
yield enough cells to make a diagnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the aspirate doesn’t yield a diagnosis, a biopsy specimen needs to be
obtained.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can be done either
through exploratory surgery, or less invasively through a variety of methods,
such as laparoscopy (a procedure in which a fiber-optic device is inserted
through a small hole in the abdominal wall, allowing a direct view of the
abdominal organs), or through the use of a special biopsy needle, under
ultrasound guidance, that allows for a small sample of kidney tissue to be
obtained.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once a diagnosis is obtained,
a more specific treatment regimen can be devised.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prognosis depends on the diagnosis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Renomegaly
is not an unusual finding in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
variety of conditions can lead to renomegaly, such as infiltration of the
kidneys by inflammatory cells or cancer cells, structural abnormalities,
hereditary conditions, and obstructive disorders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because the list of disorders causing
renomegaly is narrow, veterinarians can often quickly arrive at a diagnosis,
and treatment can be instituted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sidebar: causes of renomegaly in cats<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Acute renal failure<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lymphoma<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Renal cancer (non-lymphoma)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Compensatory hypertrophy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Renal abscesses and hematomas<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->[Perinephric pseudocysts]<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Hydronephrosis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1708</o:Words>
<o:Characters>9739</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>81</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>22</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>11425</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-29949068597914155362016-11-13T18:00:00.000-05:002018-08-22T06:20:00.620-04:00Polycystic Kidney Disease<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt;">Polycystic Kidney Disease<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Polycystic
kidney disease (PKD) is a slowly progressive inherited kidney disorder that affects
Persian and Persian-related breeds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
is the most prevalent inherited genetic disease in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The prevalence of PKD varies in several
countries, ranging from 36% (Slovenia) to 49.2% (United Kingdom).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the United States, the prevalence of PKD
in Persian and Persian-related cats is approximately 38%</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjshJooQ74rb5yPJSBGBrg_SHJ0uwu56MFLYSfeDCRJhwCmPT9Xtt0qTeoQpd5DpBStFdLi6xOpXXsQ37kScvj4gHXpdgf5Qe7hDA8XfOeOOw2h33ghznC9ioKjsA-Qd8z7C9AMpD_l1W_W/s1600/PKD4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjshJooQ74rb5yPJSBGBrg_SHJ0uwu56MFLYSfeDCRJhwCmPT9Xtt0qTeoQpd5DpBStFdLi6xOpXXsQ37kScvj4gHXpdgf5Qe7hDA8XfOeOOw2h33ghznC9ioKjsA-Qd8z7C9AMpD_l1W_W/s400/PKD4.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although
most normal cats eventually develop signs of kidney disease as they age, cats
with PKD experience the signs of chronic kidney disease (CKD) at an earlier
age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Typically, cats begin to show the
first signs of CKD around the age of 13 or 14.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cats with PKD, on average, will develop signs of CKD around 7 years of
age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuB9sx2-gYxg3UmEHgDKs81sOXbK-M9l5U_JYnAVvRK9pZZqUJZp1Cl3Nxga910jBvcp43-bHV-6X_B-PW6_HGvYty44wVNldkJ_VZ3XyEBpp0uREr7e9nzo86aND6AtZIK6_ka_KN3IuP/s1600/PKD3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuB9sx2-gYxg3UmEHgDKs81sOXbK-M9l5U_JYnAVvRK9pZZqUJZp1Cl3Nxga910jBvcp43-bHV-6X_B-PW6_HGvYty44wVNldkJ_VZ3XyEBpp0uREr7e9nzo86aND6AtZIK6_ka_KN3IuP/s400/PKD3.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The job of
the kidney is to filter toxins from the bloodstream and put them into the
urine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As cats age, normal kidney tissue
is slowly replaced by scar tissue, and the kidneys gradually become less
effective at filtering.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the scar
tissue contracts, the kidneys become progressively smaller in size.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The kidneys of cats that are affected by PKD
also gradually lose their ability to filter, however, the kidneys of these cats
become enlarged rather than become smaller.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is due to the existence of multiple cysts (hence the “polycystic”
in the name) that are present in both kidneys at birth. The cysts grow slowly
over time, causing the kidneys to enlarge. These cysts compress the kidney
tissue surrounding them, reducing their function.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cysts can vary in size from less than 1
mm to greater than 1 cm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because the
cysts enlarge over time, older cats will have larger cysts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with PKD occasionally will develop cysts
in the liver as well, although this has no clinical consequence.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The signs
of CKD in cats include increased thirst and urination, poor appetite, weight
loss, vomiting, and lethargy. Blood and urine tests will confirm that a cat has
chronic kidney disease, but they do not establish that PKD is the underlying
cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Late in the course of the
disease, the detection of enlarged, irregular kidneys in a Persian or
Persian-related cat is certainly suggestive that PKD is present, however, early
in the course of disease the cysts are not detectable on physical examination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To make a diagnosis of PKD early in the
course of a cat’s life, some sort of diagnostic imaging procedure will need to
be employed, with ultrasound being the most sensitive and noninvasive technique
for this.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLFT_JhSJVnDSrh4SoUFU1WDSM_Y5EAGvc04COEnOcsNHNTSAv2dlqQ2w_rHgEgt-GDGG3ahFeYPaT0KLjimqQzIhxnCHq3SGsA2QfXFAai5gGRKAKqL3cSYtZcw2RuqHGkGoNWM0CSsM3/s1600/PKD2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLFT_JhSJVnDSrh4SoUFU1WDSM_Y5EAGvc04COEnOcsNHNTSAv2dlqQ2w_rHgEgt-GDGG3ahFeYPaT0KLjimqQzIhxnCHq3SGsA2QfXFAai5gGRKAKqL3cSYtZcw2RuqHGkGoNWM0CSsM3/s400/PKD2.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ultrasound
has the potential to detect PKD very early in the course of disease, i.e. as
early as 6 to 8 weeks of age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some
instances, cysts have been detected in kittens as young as 4 weeks old.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the hands of an experienced
ultrasonographer, PKD can be diagnosed with approximately 75% sensitivity in
cats less than 16 weeks of age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
increases to 91% sensitivity in affected cats at 36 weeks of age (because the
cysts may be larger and easier to detect).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Persian
cats, PKD is inherited as an “autosomal dominant” trait.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means that if a cat with PKD is bred to
a normal cat, 50% of the offspring will develop PKD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because kidney disease resulting from PKD
develops later in life, an affected cat may have been used to produce a large
number of kittens before it becomes ill from PKD itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortunately, PKD can now be diagnosed via
genetic testing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The test requires
submitting a cheek swab or a blood sample to an appropriate testing
facility.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When performing the genetic
test, cats of any age can be tested. However, if testing kittens that have not
yet been weaned, a blood sample is necessary, since nursing kittens will have
traces of the mother cat’s DNA in their mouths, which may lead to inaccurate
results if using a cheek swab. The genetic test accurately identifies all cats
carrying the abnormal gene. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNC0CJmpyfo1WnHWcYmK4EsKny7q0rR5EVz68EPZTuPqA0jCW-KNryUonI2jbEy7JWusurB0bv2XYoxoEQAR-k3VMmjxmk4R0aPF02DSn6hbLM41dxE51DuJihcC83jgQ0xPfT7f4DKu9k/s1600/PKD5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNC0CJmpyfo1WnHWcYmK4EsKny7q0rR5EVz68EPZTuPqA0jCW-KNryUonI2jbEy7JWusurB0bv2XYoxoEQAR-k3VMmjxmk4R0aPF02DSn6hbLM41dxE51DuJihcC83jgQ0xPfT7f4DKu9k/s400/PKD5.jpg" width="400" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Early
identification of PKD, whether through ultrasound or genetic testing, is
helpful because it allows the detection of the disorder before cats are
bred.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If all affected cats are neutered
and spayed once the disorder is detected, PKD could be eliminated completely
from breeding populations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anyone
planning to purchase a Persian kitten from a breeder should ask the breeder to
give proof that the cats used to produce the kitten were screened as
negative.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0-9m8bvqhZQTVhsNa5T4lrKpnCXZkoW3ZBJSfpHlZe79SyIvppxcpHo_x2agH62iLvSkJCbxpB_D7O1EMlJeEqAf98hrYVrhIiII7Zq3HbcTyWpirbsIS2V1_99RFrJ09q1bVqYP_-omc/s1600/PKD1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0-9m8bvqhZQTVhsNa5T4lrKpnCXZkoW3ZBJSfpHlZe79SyIvppxcpHo_x2agH62iLvSkJCbxpB_D7O1EMlJeEqAf98hrYVrhIiII7Zq3HbcTyWpirbsIS2V1_99RFrJ09q1bVqYP_-omc/s400/PKD1.jpg" width="248" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is no
treatment for PKD per se.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment of
the chronic kidney disease that results from PKD is similar to that of cats
that develop CKD as a result of the natural aging process, or of any other
cause of CKD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may include
subcutaneous fluid administration, potassium supplementation, phosphorus
binders, anti-nausea medications, appetite stimulants, drugs to control
elevated blood pressure, drugs to reduce excessive protein loss in the urine,
and the feeding of prescription diets that have reduced levels of protein and
phosphorus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although there is no
specific treatment for PKD, the presence of PKD can be reliably demonstrated by
ultrasound in an older cat, or via genetic testing in any age cat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If breeders remove all affected cats from
their breeding stock, it should be possible to eradicate the disease from the
breed.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>770</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4395</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>36</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>10</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5155</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-14469307004991391672016-10-30T19:55:00.000-04:002018-08-22T06:20:00.364-04:00Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Cats<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Cats<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Chronic infection and
inflammation of the nasal cavity and sinuses is a frustrating problem for cats,
their owners, and the veterinarian.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoeTktaF6g1-G6QpDuagaK9UhsSTsoM3UtiHSj1ONsBJTIDhY7wLlEEhRSHCYExtDrRHNu1iWmsroVamnXKG68ZbY_wMRubDqeXeJzjehU2TBGWi7Ub-92w5J4TgZDBLMsSHizfZkRn4H4/s1600/Cat-Sneezing-Watery-Eyes4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoeTktaF6g1-G6QpDuagaK9UhsSTsoM3UtiHSj1ONsBJTIDhY7wLlEEhRSHCYExtDrRHNu1iWmsroVamnXKG68ZbY_wMRubDqeXeJzjehU2TBGWi7Ub-92w5J4TgZDBLMsSHizfZkRn4H4/s320/Cat-Sneezing-Watery-Eyes4.jpg" width="301" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Upper
respiratory infections are very common in cats, especially kittens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of these infections are caused by
viruses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Approximately 90% of all upper
airway infections in cats are caused by two common viruses:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>feline herpesvirus and feline
calicivirus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some affected cats develop
secondary bacterial infections, which can make treatment and recovery longer
and more difficult.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Acute
sinusitis tends to affect young kittens and often causes sneezing, discharge
from the eyes, a snotty nose, decreased appetite, lethargy, and usually a
fever. If oral ulcers are present,
calicivirus is likely playing a role. If
corneal ulcers are present, the herpesvirus is most likely. Many cat owners report a change in their cat’s
meow, i.e. sounding more hoarse or even silent, or that the purr sounds more
raspy. Treatment tends to be based on clinical signs. Cats with conjunctivitis as a result of their
viral infection often require antibiotic eye drops or ointments. Secondary bacterial infections are treated
with oral antibiotics. Appetite
stimulants may be warranted in cats that won’t eat. Most of these acute infections are
self-limiting, and cats usually recover uneventfully.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some cats,
however, do not recover uneventfully.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sever viral infection can result in permanent damage to the delicate anatomy
in the nasal cavity, which predisposes the cat to recurrent bacterial
infections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Complicating matters, the
feline herpesvirus is notorious for taking up permanent residence in the cat’s
body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The virus can periodically emerge
from its dormant state, causing a flare-up of clinical signs and further
destruction of the fragile turbinate bones in the nasal cavity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These cats are said to have chronic
rhinosinusitis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguRi9GBlFPZwmjAABSvrnyfQCkouUpAKW6A8uLAjI3gPgFqTRbvgF6ArM0wZ339Tz9_604qKsS-eL6RnoBKW26gGzllUnlVB-8QWJoskxVHaKKglQDMc6YhDZNA8vte-NA997ET5Ngij-y/s1600/sinusitis+in+cats1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguRi9GBlFPZwmjAABSvrnyfQCkouUpAKW6A8uLAjI3gPgFqTRbvgF6ArM0wZ339Tz9_604qKsS-eL6RnoBKW26gGzllUnlVB-8QWJoskxVHaKKglQDMc6YhDZNA8vte-NA997ET5Ngij-y/s400/sinusitis+in+cats1.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chronic
rhinosinusitis affects cats of any age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The main clinical signs are intermittent or persistent sneezing, nasal
discharge (either unilateral or bilateral), and congested breathing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Discharge from the eyes is usually not
present (although it can be, occasionally), and in general, these cats tend to
not be systemically ill. Most veterinarians prescribe a short course (7 to 10
days) of antibiotics in cats with upper respiratory disease, and the fact that
cats on antibiotics usually show clinical improvement supports their use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, clinical signs often recur despite
therapy, which implies that bacteria are only one factor in feline upper
respiratory disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If a 7 to 10 day
course of antibiotics fails to resolve the disease, a thorough diagnostic
work-up should be pursued before settling on a diagnosis of chronic
rhinosinusitis. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxkgnHeJgrY-eiQtLI7_d2MhaRdjG3U4vLhitQsuJuILVanBMB5CvutzeeoYMfakLLnf0Th-GtywQrGxkdfJjemkyTAhmOcFREjmTTdWBOF6VzuIgr4UvNlLP_sT_cJiApcI1YwGaSYb8n/s1600/sinusitis+cats.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxkgnHeJgrY-eiQtLI7_d2MhaRdjG3U4vLhitQsuJuILVanBMB5CvutzeeoYMfakLLnf0Th-GtywQrGxkdfJjemkyTAhmOcFREjmTTdWBOF6VzuIgr4UvNlLP_sT_cJiApcI1YwGaSYb8n/s640/sinusitis+cats.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although
the most common cause of chronic rhinosinusitis is a prior, severe herpesvirus
infection with subsequent damage to the nasal cavity, a diagnostic workup
should be undertaken to rule out potentially treatable conditions, such as
fungal infection, cancer, polyps, oronasal fistulas (a physical communication
between the mouth and the nasal cavity) and foreign bodies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This work-up may include bloodwork, a blood
test to look for Cryptococcus (the most common fungus affecting the upper
respiratory tract in cats), a thorough oral/dental examination, rhinoscopy
(visualization of the inside of the nasal cavity and the back of the throat
using a rhinoscope, an instrument that can be inserted directly into the
nostrils), and a CT scan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Radiographs
may be helpful, but CT scans are preferred as the images they generate are
thin, cross-sectional slices of the entire nasal cavity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If rhinoscopy is performed, biopsy specimens
should be submitted for histopathology to rule out cancer, and samples should
be obtained for bacterial culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
the diagnostic tests rule out the treatable disorders mentioned above, then the
diagnosis of idiopathic (i.e. no known cause) chronic rhinosinusitis is
confirmed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now comes the hard part:
trying to manage the disease and keep the cat comfortable.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Veterinarians
often choose antibiotics to treat cats with upper respiratory disease, whether
to treat a secondary bacterial infection that is concurrently infecting the
cat, or to prevent one from developing. If bacterial culture grows a single
organism that isn’t typically found as part of the normal nasal flora, then an
antibiotic should be chosen based on the proven effectiveness against that organism,
and it should be administered for 6 to 8 weeks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If multiple organisms are grown on culture, the significance of this questionable,
since there are many species of bacteria that normally inhabit the nasal
cavity. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Antifungal
drugs aren’t prescribed to treat chronic rhinosinusitis unless a fungal
organism is proven to be present.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is fairly uncommon occurrence. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If an
allergic component is suspected (i.e. the symptoms seem to be somewhat
seasonal), antihistamines may be considered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Obviously,
if a polyp is diagnosed via rhinoscopy, the polyp should be removed
surgically.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If cancer is diagnosed,
treatment options can be offered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
prognosis varies considerably depending on the type and extent of the
cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Because the
herpesvirus is considered to be the main culprit in initiating and perpetuating
chronic rhinosinusitis in cats, treatment directed at the virus itself may be
beneficial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Administration of an
intranasal herpesvirus and calicivirus vaccine two or three times a year may
help to stimulate a local immune response within the nasal cavity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oral antiviral drugs, such as famciclovir,
have been administered to cats with confirmed herpesvirus infections, with
promising results.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The amino acid lysine
has been used to reduce the frequency of herpesvirus reactivation in infected
cats, however, recent controlled studies are casting doubt on the efficacy of
lysine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anti-inflammatory
drugs play a role in the treatment of chronically affected cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They reduce airway swelling, improving
breathing and making the cat more comfortable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Glucocorticoids are the most commonly prescribed drug for this, with prednisolone
being the drug of choice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because these
drugs can suppress the immune system, there is concern that the respiratory
infection could potentially worsen if these drugs are used continuously over
the long term.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, glucocorticoids are
best used intermittently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example,
using prednisolone daily for a week, and then tapering the dosage to every other
day for an additional week, would be a reasonable schedule.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Supportive
care, such as maintaining hydration (to keep nasal secretions less viscous and
easier to clear), humidifying the air (for example, isolating the cat in a
bathroom while running a hot shower, allowing the cat to breathe in the steamy
air), and ensuring proper nutrition (for example, using appetite stimulants
such as mirtazapine in affected cats that are eating poorly) are helpful in
keeping affected cats happy and comfortable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cats with
chronic rhinosinusitis will never be cured, however, with medical management
and supportive care, most cats can have their sneezing and nasal discharge kept
to a minimum, and maintain an excellent quality of life. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>1082</o:Words>
<o:Characters>6172</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>51</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>14</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>7240</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-48720152360050064872016-10-19T19:48:00.000-04:002018-08-22T06:20:00.879-04:00Halitosis in Cats<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 22.0pt;">Halitosis in Cats<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cats are
well known for being exceptionally clean animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They take pride in their appearance, grooming
constantly to remove any offensive odors that might make them detectable to
both predators and prey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Occasionally,
however, cats do emit a foul odor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Although there are several possible reasons for a cat to be malodorous,
as a cats-only veterinary practitioner, I find that halitosis, i.e bad breath,
is the most common cause of fetid felines.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitH3f0hyphenhyphenvPFJCi856JKsomLC2z6trE5lMc1GdVB1hGfy_rH2rCWjomd6dTMyJnP0LBIf4QehKg_xoTyJ7-tTZjrb7Jv05D6fBgvuQx6d9NJGkQemvqNnMoKYYX-bwaWPZHRE3hmDIGr3yK/s1600/halitosis4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitH3f0hyphenhyphenvPFJCi856JKsomLC2z6trE5lMc1GdVB1hGfy_rH2rCWjomd6dTMyJnP0LBIf4QehKg_xoTyJ7-tTZjrb7Jv05D6fBgvuQx6d9NJGkQemvqNnMoKYYX-bwaWPZHRE3hmDIGr3yK/s400/halitosis4.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Periodontal
disease – inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth – is by far the
most common cause of stinky breath in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Periodontal disease is initiated by a build-up of plaque, the sticky
bacteria-laden coating on the tooth surface. As the immune system responds to the
plaque, the gums become inflamed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gum
inflammation is called gingivitis, and is the first stage of periodontal
disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bad breath often accompanies
the gingivitis. As inflammation progresses, the second phase of periodontal
disease – periodontitis – occurs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Periodontitis is a condition where both the soft tissues and the bony
tissues are affected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats may develop
receding gums, bone loss, and continuing halitosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If not removed from the tooth, plaque
mineralizes into tartar (also called calculus) in a few days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calculus requires professional removal by
your veterinarian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-mGzvMU1c4TSSm1rxhta1aLDfgUvmwIuDGQse06NIO9OWcSQiAQfZM29M8Bp_fqb_9ZyCg26jMQeYNSJWO3wS2qVR-hYUML6u4uGihjU7ZspGrmRRhRP1RPNYfADlMcerTEjCAuM2K6nI/s1600/halitosiscat2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-mGzvMU1c4TSSm1rxhta1aLDfgUvmwIuDGQse06NIO9OWcSQiAQfZM29M8Bp_fqb_9ZyCg26jMQeYNSJWO3wS2qVR-hYUML6u4uGihjU7ZspGrmRRhRP1RPNYfADlMcerTEjCAuM2K6nI/s400/halitosiscat2.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although
periodontal disease and gingivitis tend to develop as cats age, gingivitis can
occur in cats as young as 6 months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These cats often have little or no calculus accumulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We call this condition “juvenile-onset
gingivitis”, and it is a common cause of halitosis in kittens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The exact cause of this condition is unknown,
but genetics is suspected to play a role, since purebred cats, especially
Abyssinians, Siamese, and Persians are predisposed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If left untreated, these cats may develop
significant periodontal disease early in their adulthood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daily home oral care is recommended in cats
with juvenile-onset gingivitis to avoid future dental problems. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Infections
or abscesses can cause foul odors from the mouth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tooth-root abscesses are common in cats,
usually resulting in facial swelling near the site of the affected tooth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tooth-root abscesses need to be lanced and
drained by your veterinarian, and the affected tooth is likely to require
extraction. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ulcers in the
mouth can result in halitosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
calici virus is a common cause of feline upper respiratory infections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although sneezing, runny eyes, and a snotty
nose may be seen in affected cats, an ulcer on the tongue is the classic
finding in cats infected with calici virus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY_tQEfoAZ-ez1lJY2WUGMlpkvpqz5qwTpgr-z2EWmCnjpbG_Fv03txBC8ApspPDBbWVAIJubnmOHjOrwd4l9kczzaAn0-auq-n7n1l-BaMmCY11fti8yN-yZnD5zw_b2kz7JfItFJ2WdH/s1600/halitosis3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY_tQEfoAZ-ez1lJY2WUGMlpkvpqz5qwTpgr-z2EWmCnjpbG_Fv03txBC8ApspPDBbWVAIJubnmOHjOrwd4l9kczzaAn0-auq-n7n1l-BaMmCY11fti8yN-yZnD5zw_b2kz7JfItFJ2WdH/s640/halitosis3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sadly,
tumors of the oral cavity are not uncommon in cats, and halitosis is a frequent
accompanying symptom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most common
feline oral tumors are squamous cell carcinoma and fibrosarcoma. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As these tumors grow, a portion of the tumor
may become infected or necrotic (non-viable), leading to an unpleasant smell
from the mouth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Early detection and
aggressive treatment are essential for therapy to be successful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, by the time most cats are
showing clinical signs of their oral tumor, the condition has already
progressed to a point where treatment isn’t possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Disorders
of oral origin aren’t the only cause of halitosis in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Systemic illnesses, such as kidney disease,
can lead to bad breath in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The role
of the kidneys is to filter toxins from the bloodstream, creating urine in the
process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As most cats age, they
eventually begin to show signs that their kidneys are weakening.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These signs may include excessive thirst,
increased urination, poor appetite, weight loss, and vomiting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the kidney dysfunction progresses, cats
may develop a condition called uremia, literally “urine in the blood”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uremia generally refers to cats with severely
elevated toxins in their bloodstream.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Uremia results in a characteristically foul odor from the mouth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The smell differs from the bad smell caused
by dental disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As one of my
colleagues once indelicately put it, cats with uremic breath smell like
“something died inside their mouth.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
crude description, but I can attest to its accuracy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with severe uremia will sometimes
develop ulcers in their mouths, often on the sides of the tongue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These ulcers contribute further to the
halitosis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVbYi2wLr9DMSOOX6oobJvqcVxobekYegBFf-wCs77dYJbUNYh1biSA_dYUvXBnN5Q0UPPVYFe-oh6TjXtiVEdSXnlR9pWr0cfchvPsgZmrI1J710hUmhCzJWkkHRqt1DbjHSM3_9dJTfw/s1600/halitosiscat1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="397" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVbYi2wLr9DMSOOX6oobJvqcVxobekYegBFf-wCs77dYJbUNYh1biSA_dYUvXBnN5Q0UPPVYFe-oh6TjXtiVEdSXnlR9pWr0cfchvPsgZmrI1J710hUmhCzJWkkHRqt1DbjHSM3_9dJTfw/s400/halitosiscat1.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diabetes is
a common glandular disorder in cats due to inadequate or improper secretion of
the hormone insulin from the pancreas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Insulin is required for the utilization of glucose, which is the primary
source of energy in cats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats with
diabetes usually require twice daily injections of insulin to maintain proper
blood glucose levels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the diabetes
remains undiagnosed or untreated, cats will metabolize body fat into molecules
called ketones, in a desperate attempt to provide energy to the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ketosis is a veterinary emergency, and
affected cats are usually very ill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cats
in ketosis have a characteristic smell to their breath.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The odor has been described by some as being
“fruity”, and by others as faintly resembling acetone, the main ingredient in
nail polish remover.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whether ketone-breath
qualifies as being offensive, like halitosis, is debatable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interestingly, people vary in their ability
to detect this smell in cats, and apparently, the ability to detect it is
genetic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some people have the gene that
allows them to detect ketones instantly, while others are oblivious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadly, I cannot detect it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A doctor who worked for me a few years ago
could smell it a mile away.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqM3esXlCitUaOkX1Q_TY_jqGoiqEp0vRXg1JTmQFfr5rys8deY2mlc2-G0JxWBxWiYK5BodMMy3igkwiDhECkTC9OBjZpHfMhr14l-TfnGfbguRXD5eufjhrknme016fpsdVk-4i0kUOU/s1600/fishy+breath.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqM3esXlCitUaOkX1Q_TY_jqGoiqEp0vRXg1JTmQFfr5rys8deY2mlc2-G0JxWBxWiYK5BodMMy3igkwiDhECkTC9OBjZpHfMhr14l-TfnGfbguRXD5eufjhrknme016fpsdVk-4i0kUOU/s400/fishy+breath.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>930</o:Words>
<o:Characters>5303</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>44</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>12</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>6221</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And
finally, it should be said that halitosis is sometimes in the nose of the
beholder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have examined many cats
brought into my office with the complaint of bad breath and upon examination,
the cats were discovered simply to have, for lack of a better term, “kitty
fish-breath”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their mouths were normal –
no dental disease, no oral pathology of any kind – and they had no systemic
illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cat owners must simply realize
that if you feed your cat stinky food, it may end up with stinky breath.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, because there are so many
significant medical conditions that can lead to halitosis in cats, it’s best to
err on the side of caution and have any offensive oral odors evaluated by a
veterinarian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1916537799265211085.post-49486068809731563612016-10-08T19:37:00.000-04:002018-08-22T06:20:00.943-04:00The Lymph Nodes - What Are They, and What Do They Do?<div class="MsoNormal">
Body Parts – the Lymph Nodes<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’m sure you’ve heard of them, but do you really know what
they are, or what they do?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m talking
about the lymph nodes, important structures that we don’t think about much, but
play a crucial role in a cat’s ability to fight off infections.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
Lymph nodes are small, oval shaped organs that are dispersed
throughout the body. They are a part of
the lymphatic system, a branch of the immune system that plays an important
role in the development of the body’s immune response. The lymphatic system consists of vessels that
run throughout the body, in a similar fashion as arteries and veins. Instead of blood, however, the fluid that
flows through the lymphatic system is called lymph, which is rich in protein
and white blood cells. Cells of the
immune system circulate throughout the lymphatic vessels in the body. As lymph flows through these vessels, it
passes through at least one set of lymph nodes, and often several sets, before
ultimately emptying into the general circulation, where it mixes with
blood. The lymph nodes are the major
sites in the lymphatic system where the immune cells gather.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFBXrQ0F7m8kYdZHdvti7NiDtRJWNbRvBfJ4VROoZGSpM0p9a8MiuISoEfk5NNDNfwMBdKgnw79tX-F2FONsX336pJLrnazpNYV2ZYkPlTZMMM9JzZJAt1wzEIo8arQ3gOaQ0vftG5Xg0n/s1600/Lymph+nodes.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFBXrQ0F7m8kYdZHdvti7NiDtRJWNbRvBfJ4VROoZGSpM0p9a8MiuISoEfk5NNDNfwMBdKgnw79tX-F2FONsX336pJLrnazpNYV2ZYkPlTZMMM9JzZJAt1wzEIo8arQ3gOaQ0vftG5Xg0n/s640/Lymph+nodes.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The main job of the feline immune system is to protect and
defend the body against harm by fighting off invading substances, which we call
antigens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When an antigen invades the
body, it eventually encounters the lymphatic system, and eventually a lymph
node.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, it stimulates a discrete
population of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the node.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This causes those lymphocytes to multiply and
transform, or become “activated”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
activated lymphocytes mount an immune response to the antigen, for example, by
producing antibodies that neutralize the antigen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the lymphocytes in the lymph node
multiply, the lymph node becomes enlarged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The medical term for enlargement of the lymph node is
lymphadenopathy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Us humans usually refer
to this as “swollen glands”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a
veterinarian, I perform hundreds of physical examinations every year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every veterinarian performs a physical
examination in his or her own style, making sure to evaluate all of the body
systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assessment of the size of the
lymph nodes is unquestionably a part of every veterinarian’s physical
assessment.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZVItHCNTGgXpZju-hec3IZ-XIt2TOpkd3c5EsW86f5hAz6UYtGKvK_Ht7ef9P4A_RbybsK-FwrfqoXj3OIzExyQGRrRsALfz3yqf96jIOxj2n_P7tL_uUeDGSEcje9DOyfuJWlEotAxTM/s1600/lymphnode2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZVItHCNTGgXpZju-hec3IZ-XIt2TOpkd3c5EsW86f5hAz6UYtGKvK_Ht7ef9P4A_RbybsK-FwrfqoXj3OIzExyQGRrRsALfz3yqf96jIOxj2n_P7tL_uUeDGSEcje9DOyfuJWlEotAxTM/s400/lymphnode2.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Enlargement of the lymph nodes is often discovered as an
incidental finding during physical examination of the cat. Now and then, a cat owner brings the cat to
the vet because of symptoms related to lymph node enlargement, for example,
difficulty swallowing due to enlargement of the lymph nodes in the back of the
throat. Sometimes a cat owner will bring
me their cat because they detected a lump, which turns out to be a lymph node,
while patting or stroking the cat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The age of the cat is important when considering the
significance of lymph node enlargement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kittens and young cats are exposed to a variety of antigens early in
their lives, and an increase in lymph node size is an expected response by the
immune system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As cats mature, lymph
node size usually decreases and the nodes often become more difficult to feel
in older animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, in geriatric
cats or cats that have lost weight due to illness, the loss of body fat around
the lymph nodes may make the lymph nodes appear more prominent than expected,
and are easier to feel.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As noted above, stimulation of the immune system by invading
antigens is a common cause of lymph node enlargement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadly, cancer is an equally common cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cancer can arise from the lymph node
itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is called lymphoma, and is
the most common cancer found in animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cancer arising in other parts of the body can also spread to the lymph
nodes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is called metastatic cancer,
and the cancer is said to have “metastasized” to the lymph nodes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Figuring out the cause of lymph node enlargement may require
a variety of tests, including blood and urine analysis, x-rays, and
ultrasound.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultimately, a definitive
diagnosis often requires obtaining a sample of cells from the node itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is usually achieved either by aspiration
cytology or by surgical biopsy. Aspiration cytology is a procedure in which a
needle, attached to a syringe, is inserted into the lymph node.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suction is applied to the syringe so that
cells from the lymph node are sucked or “aspirated” into the hub of the
needle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The contents are then sprayed
onto a microscope slide and are sent to a laboratory for interpretation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The advantage of this procedure is that it’s
non-invasive and inexpensive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
disadvantage is that the aspirate may not yield enough cells to make a
diagnosis. Biopsy of the lymph node is the definitive test in evaluating lymph
node enlargement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Depending on the size
and location of the node, either the entire node is removed (this is called
“excisional biopsy”), or a small piece of the lymph node is removed
(“incisional biopsy”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The specimen is
evaluated by a pathologist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treatment is
based on the biopsy results: infections are usually treated with antibiotics;
cancer is treated by chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, or a combination of
these.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>760</o:Words>
<o:Characters>4332</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Arnold Plotnick</o:Company>
<o:Lines>36</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>10</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>5082</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Arnold Plotnickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18418761395646719384noreply@blogger.com0